Flax lignans and neolignans impart health benefits, particularly in treating different types of cancers, due to their strong phytoestrogenic and antioxidant properties. The present study enhances the comprehension on the biosynthesis of antioxidant lignans and neolignans in root-derived in vitro cultures of flax (both callus and adventitious root). The results presented here clearly showed that the adventitious root culture efficiently produced a higher amount of lignans (at day 40) and neolignans (at day 30) than callus culture of flax. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that the accumulations of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG, 5.5 mg g−1 DW (dry weight)) and dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucoside (DCG, 21.6 mg/g DW) were 2-fold higher, while guaiacylglycerol-β-coniferyl alcohol ether glucoside (GGCG, 4.9 mg/g DW) and lariciresinol glucoside (LDG, 11.9 mg/g DW) contents were 1.5-fold higher in adventitious root culture than in callus culture. Furthermore, the highest level of total phenolic production (119.01 mg/L), with an antioxidant free radical scavenging activity of 91.01%, was found in adventitious root culture at day 40, while the maximum level of total flavonoid production (45.51 mg/L) was observed in callus culture at day 30 of growth dynamics. These results suggest that adventitious root culture can be a good candidate for scaling up to industrial level to commercially produce these pharmacologically and nutritionally valuable metabolites.

No abstract

This study examines the nature of the teacher-student relationship and its possible effect on student achievement at undergraduate level. The basic purpose of this research paper was to analyze the factors influencing teacher student interaction at undergraduate level and the perception of teachers about effects of positive and negative interaction. For this study, qualitative method was used with close ended questionnaire. The data was analyzed using through excel graphs or statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS). This research was consisted 10 teachers and 20 students of department of English at Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan and these make a sample of population. The focus on teacher-student interaction is important in the teaching process. The results show that teacher-student should know about the art of communication which involves cultural knowledge, needs of student, importance of a conducive environment that helps their learning styles. Teacher should also solve the problems of the students. The objective of this study is to analyze teacher-student interaction with respect to student’s achievement. Keywords: Behavior, Interaction, Learning, Students’ achievement.