This paper seeks to reinvestigate the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth by making use of the augmented Solow growth model. It also tends to explore the combined effect of military spending and armed conflicts on growth rate. Since the literature pertaining to defense economics depicts no consensus over the effects of military expenditure on the economy, the ongoing debate still becomes a topic of interest for many economists. This study reviews the recent publications in this regard and aims to contribute to the existing literature by making use of the most recent data for a pool of 61 countries. The theoretical framework is based on the augmented Solow growth model introduced by Mankiw et al. (1992) and first applied by Knight et al. (1996). Incorporating the same model used by Dunne (2005), this paper endeavors to access the impact military expenditure exerts on growth. Data for the period of 1988-2015 is employed for a pool of countries and a well-known theoretical model, fixed effect estimator, also known as the Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) has been used as a robust econometric technique. Findings of our empirical estimation suggest that military expenditure and arms imports have a negative impact on GDP per capita but military expenditure in the presence of external conflicts also has a negative and significant impact on growth, which is contrary to most of the earlier findings in literature. Our results imply that while spending on military acts as a burden for the economic growth, frequent interstate conflicts make it crucial for countries to spend further on their military sector which can slow down the economic growth.
This research evaluates an English language textbook from CLIL perspective. For this purpose, an intermediate level (grade-11) English language textbook has been selected and analyzed utilizing Coyle's conceptual framework of 4Cs (i.e. content, cognition, communication and culture).Content, communication, and culture have been explored through a checklist, whereas cognition has been explored by developing a corpus from the questions given in the exercises of the textbook and analyzing in the light of Bloom's taxonomy. The results reveal certain breeches between CLIL features and the textbook's contents. Layout, learning outcomes, organization of the content, subject matter, authenticity of the text, exercises, and focus on language skills does not seem to match with CLIL perspectives. Listening and speaking skills are observed to be ignored. Moreover, the exercises do not seem to foster critical thinking and interaction between students and teachers. Most of the questions are observed covering only first two levels (i.e. knowledge and comprehension) of Bloom's taxonomy. The study concludes that CLIL principles are not integrated in the textbook. Therefore, the textbook is not suitable to an ESL/EFL setting.
Alexander disease is an uncommon autosomal dominant leukodystrophy that influences the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS), predominantly affecting the frontal lobe bilaterally. The most obvious pathogenic hallmark is the extensive deposition of cytoplasmic inclusions known as "Rosenthal fibers" in perivascular, subpial, and subependymal astrocytes throughout the CNS. The hereditary cause is mutations in the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene. Infantile, adult, and juvenile onsets are the three subtypes. Psychomotor retardation, mile-stone regression, spastic paresis, brain stem symptoms (swallowing, speech, etc.), and seizures define the juvenile variety, which emerges between the ages of three and 10 years. Macrocephaly has a lower likelihood of being a juvenile type. It is generally diagnosed based on clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings. A five-year-old girl is presented as a case of juvenile Alexander disease, with typical clinical and MRI features.
Social media have become prominent part of life for many young people today. Social networking sites provide a platform for discussion on hot issues that have been overlooked in a day to day basis. The use of information technology in social media has increased its popularity among the youth, especially among the students of universities. Most people engage with social media without stopping to think what the effects are on our lives, whether positive or negative. The current study is conducted to monitor the impact of social media on youth. It is survey-type research where for analyzing the effect of social media on youth the questionnaire study is designed and by using simple random sampling 375 students are selected from GC Women University Sialkot. In this study, it is observed that 59% of respondents strongly agree that social media is helpful to create awareness among youth whereas 89% respondents agree that it helps to search jobs for youth. Whereas, 96% respondents agree that social media is helpful to get knowledge about current affairs of country. On the other hand, considering disadvantages of media, 93% of respondents agree that too much use of social media causes health problem and 94% respondents agree that unwanted information creates confusion in the minds of youth, 91% respondents agree that irrelevant and anti-religious posts and links create hate among people of different communities. The results revealed that social networking sites have the positive as well as negative impact on youth and it is suggested that government and private institutions both should have to work to promote social media's positive activities among youth.
Brown leaf spot disease of rice is a dominant lethal disease, caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae. The pathogen is an obligate parasite and causes qualitative and quantitative damage to rice crop. The objective of the present study was to investigate what extent the defense related biochemical compounds reflect the distinct categories of resistance phenotypes in rice against brown spot disease. This was done by determining the concentration of Catalase (CAT), Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), Peroxidase (POD), and β-1,3-Glucanase enzymes in resistant, moderately resistant and susceptible rice genotypes. The disease resistant phenotypes in rice line (PARC-7) reflect the higher accumulation of CAT, PAL, PPO, POD, and β-1,3-Glucanase. The pattern of enzyme accumulation was similar in all resistant genotypes. The rice genotypes with moderately resistant phenotypes showed significant difference with respect to the concentration of biochemical defense-related compounds. The difference in accumulation of defense related enzymes reflected the level of disease severity (% leaf area covered) on resistant and moderately resistant genotypes. The susceptible rice genotypes showed the minimum concentration of these enzymes, with the lowest concentrations found in the rice variety Bas-2000 (80% Disease Index). The differential defense response in resistant and susceptible genotypes suggests that these enzymes can be used as biochemical markers for early detection of disease resistant genotypes. The study of enzyme accumulation at different time points and at different levels of disease severity helps to understand the resistance mechanisms against brown spot disease in rice.
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