Carbon nanodots are nanometer sized fluorescent particles studied for their distinct photoluminescent properties and biocompatibility. Although extensive literature reports the modification and application of carbon nanodot fluorescence, little has been published pertaining to phosphorescence emission from carbon nanodots. The use of phosphors in biological imaging can lead to clearer detection, as the long lifetimes of phosphorescent emission permit off-gated collection that avoids noise from biological autofluorescence. Carbon nanodots present a desirable scaffold for this application, with advantageous qualities ranging from photostability to multi-color emission. This research reports the generation of a novel phosphorescent "heavy carbon" nanodot via halogenation of the carbon nanodot structure. By employing a collection pathway that effectively incorporates bromine into the nanostructure, T1 triplet character is introduced, and subsequently phosphorescence is observed in liquid media at room temperature for the first time in the nanodot literature. Further experiments are reported characterizing the conditions of observed phosphorescence and its pH-dependence. Our approach for producing "heavy carbon nanodots" is a low-cost and relatively simple method for generating the phosphorescent nanodots, which sets the foundation for its potential future use as a phosphorescent probe in application.
Objective: Despite rising incidence of diabetes in India, we currently lack country wide data on the prevalence of CKD in T2DM patients. Hence this nationwide study was planned.Methods: This was a nationwide, cross-sectional, observational, multi-centric study to assess prevalence of CKD among T2DM patients. The primary endpoint of the study was to estimate proportion of T2DM patients with CKD (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] <60 ml/min/1.73 m 2 or albumin creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥ 30 mg/g or ≥ 3 mg/mmol or both). The blood/plasma and urine samples, were collected for estimation of hemoglobin A1c, microalbuminuria, serum creatinine, urine creatinine, and routine urine analysis.Results: Of the 3043 screened subjects, 3000 eligible subjects were enrolled, out of which 46% were females. The mean age was 53.4 (± 11.9) years, with a mean body mass index of 27.3 (± 4.8) kg/m 2 . Both micro and macro vascular complications were reported. In the studied population with T2DM, 47.8% had mildly decreased, 15.1% had mild to moderately decreased, and 1.8% had severely decreased GFR respectively. As per ACR categorization, 61.3% had normal to mildly increased ACR, 25.6% with moderately increased and 7.2% with severely increased ACR were seen. We observed a significant (p<0.0001) weak negative correlation (-0.23069) between eGFR< 60 mL/ min/1.73 m² and urinary ACR in over six hundred patients. We found 48.4% prevalence of CKD in T2DM patients. The results on analysis of HbA1c goal achievement showed that the patients without CKD had a better success rate to achieve the target <7% goal of HbA1c compared to those who had CKD (29.6% vs. 23.4%). Conclusion:Study reported higher prevalence of CKD which was driven by the ACR levels and majority of the patients had reasonable eGFR. This can be a guide to select drug and dosage of diabetes drug as it depends on kidney function.
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