This paper presents the design and development of a 16F877 microcontroller-based wireless data acquisition system and a study of the feasibility of different existing methodologies linked to field data acquisition from remote photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems. Various existing data transmission techniques were studied, especially satellite, radio, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The system's hardware and software and an application to test its performance are described. The system will be used for reading, storing and analyzing information from several PV water pumping stations situated in remote areas in the arid region of the south of Tunisia. The remote communications are based on the GSM network and, in particular, on the Short text Message Service (SMS). With this integrated system, we can compile a complete database of the different parameters related to the PV water pumping systems of Tunisia. This data could be made available to interested parties over the Internet.
A clay catalyst (montmorillonite and kaolinite) was prepared and used to degrade three phenolic compounds: hydroquinone, resorcinol and catechol obtained from the treatment the Olive Mill Wastewater (OMW) generated in the production of olive oil. The operating conditions of the degradation of these compounds are optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) which is an experimental design used in process optimization studies. The results obtained by the catalytic tests and analyses performed by different techniques showed that the modified montmorillonites have very interesting catalytic, structural and textural properties; they are more effective for the catalytic phenolic compound degradation, they present the highest specific surface and they may support iron ions. We also determined the optimal degradation conditions by tracing the response surfaces of each compound; for example, for the catechol, the optimal conditions of degradation at pH 4 are obtained after 120 min at a concentration of H2O2 equal to 0.3 M. Of the three phenolic compounds, the kinetic degradation study revealed that the hydroquinone is the most degraded compound in the least amount of time. Finally, the rate of the catalyst iron ions release in the reaction is lower when the Fe-modified montmorillonites are used.
For estimating the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system without battery storage, a simple algorithm has been developed. This simulation program uses the hourly global solar radiation, the hourly ambient temperature and the hourly wind speed as the input, moreover the characteristics of region (latitude, longitude, ground albedo) and characteristics of PV water pumping system (orientation, inclination, nominal PV module efficiency, NOCT, PV array area, PV temperature coefficient, miscellaneous power conditioning losses, miscellaneous PV array losses, temperature of reference, moto-pump efficiency and inverter efficiency). This work allows evaluating the economic interest of a remote PV water pumping systems in the desert of Southern Tunisia, which will have to satisfy an average daily volume of 45 m 3 throughout the year compared to another very widespread energy system in the area, the diesel genset (DG), by using the method of the life-cycle cost (LCC). The cost per m 3 of water was calculated for this system. It is found that the LCC for PV system is 0.500 TND/m 3 and the LCC DG is 0.837 TND/m 3 . The present study indicates economic viability of PV water pumping systems in the desert of Tunisia. Nomenclaturea ground albedo AFC annual fuel cost (TND) C f diesel cost provides to the site of the well (TND) C fl cost actualised of fuel on the lifetime of the system without escalation (TND) d discount rate (%) e escalation rate (%) E e energy delivered by the PV array (Wh) E hydr hourly hydraulic energy demand (Wh) Et equation of time f fraction diffuse * Corresponding author. F fraction of the capital provided as subsidy (subsidy rate (%)) F d estimated average consumption of diesel in the DG system (L/h) g acceleration of gravity (m/s 2 ) H hourly global solar irradiation on a horizontal surface (Wh/m 2 ) H 0 extraterrestrial solar irradiance (Wh/m 2 ) H d diffuse solar radiation (Wh/m 2 ) H b direct radiation (Wh/m 2 ) H Greenwich world time (h) HMT total height (m) H t hourly irradiance in the plane of the PV array (Wh/m 2 ) i interest rate (%) K T hourly clearness index n annuity Q hourly water flow rate (m 3 /h) q quantum of the day (i.e. q = 1 for 1 January and q = 365 for 31 December) NOCT nominal operating cell temperature ( • C) R b ratio of beam radiation on the PV array to that on the horizontal R inv inverter efficiency (%) R p moto-pump system efficiency (%) S area of the array (m 2 ) TSV true solar time (h) t hour of the day (h) T a hourly ambient temperature ( • C) T d number of operating hours of the DG system (h) T c average module temperature ( • C) T r reference temperature (= 25 • C) V init initial cost of the equipment (TND) V ann initial value of the annuity V as actualised simple value of the component V au value actualised uniform of the annuity V W hourly wind speed (m/s) α absorptivity τ transmissivity β slope of the PV array ( • ) β opt optimum tilt angle ( • ) ρ density of water (kg/m 3power conditioning losses (%) λ p miscellaneous PV array losses (%) η f factor acco...
This purpose of this paper is to develop and validate a model to accurately predict the cell temperature of a photovoltaic (PV) module that adapts to various mounting configurations, mounting locations, and climates while only requiring readily available data from the module manufacturer. Results from this model are also compared with results from published cell temperature models. The models were used to predict real-time performance from a PV water pumping systems in the desert of Medenine, south of Tunisia using 60-min intervals of measured performance data during one complete year. Statistical analysis of the predicted results and measured data highlights possible sources of errors and the limitations and/or adequacy of existing models, to describe the temperature and efficiency of PV-cells and consequently, the accuracy of performance of PV water pumping systems' prediction models.Keywords: temperature of a photovoltaic module; predicted models; PV water pumping systems efficiency; simulation; desert of southern Tunisia Nomenclature E e Energy delivered by the PV array (Wh) E hydr Hourly hydraulic energy demand (Wh) E t
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