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<span>This paper investigated the performance of the sliding mode control technique for dc/dc converter using frequency response method. The applications of the step down type switching regulator) buck converter (are found in the devices that use batteries as power source like laptop, cell phones, electric vehicle, and recently, it  has also been used in the renewable energy processing, as a maximum output power can be achieved at higher efficiency. In order to optimize the efficiency and for convenient power management, the issues like power on transients, the effect of load variation, Switching and Electromagnetic interference (EMI) losses has to be overcome for which controllers are used. In the proposed method, pulse width modulation (PWM) based on proportional-integral-derivative sliding mode voltage controller (PID SMVC) is designed for a buck converter and the response for appropriate control parameters has been obtained. The system stability has been examined and analyzed from the performance characteristics, which shows clearly that the buck converter controlled by the sliding mode controller has fast dynamic response and it’s very efficient for various applications.</span>

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<span>In this paper, a photovoltaic (PV) fuzzy maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method optimized by the chimp algorithm is presented. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) of seven triangular membership functions (MFs) is used. The optimization fitness function is composed of transient and steady-state indices under different irradiation and temperature operating conditions. By using MATLAB package, the performance of optimized method is examined and compared with asymmetrical FLC and well-known perturb and observe (P&amp;O) tracking methods at different operating conditions in terms of: transient rising time (tr) and energy yield during 30 s. Moreover, the tracking methods are also compared in terms of the fitness <span>function value. From the comparison of simulation results, a more energy can be</span> harvested by using the proposed optimized tracking method compared to the <span>other methods. Consequently, at the various operating conditions, the proposed</span> method can be used as a more reliable tracking method for PV systems.</span>

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