Thirteen new derivatives of picolinic acid (4–7) were designed and synthesized from the starting parent molecule, picolinic acid. The new compounds were characterized by ATR-FTIR, 1HNMR, and CHNS analysis. A molecular docking study was performed to evaluate the binding affinity of the synthesized compounds toward EGFR kinase domain that indicated occupation of the critical site of EGFR kinase pocket and excellent positioning of the compounds in the pocket. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds against two human cancer cell lines (A549 and MCF-7), the non-tumorigenic MCF10A cell line, and white blood cells (WBC) was evaluated using the MTT assay. Compound 5 showed anticancer activity against A549 lung cancer cells (IC50 = 99.93 µM) but not against MCF-7 breast cancer cells or normal cells. Compound 5 mediated cytotoxicity in A549 lung cancer cells by inducing apoptotic cell death, as suggested by fragmented nuclei after DAPI staining, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Moreover, compound 5 triggered the activation of caspases 3, 4 and 9. However, compound 5 treatment did not affect the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, as compared to the vehicle-treated control cells. Nevertheless, compound 5-treated cells reported greater release of smac/DIABLO to the cytosol. In the same context, both compound 5 and thapsigargin (specific inhibitor of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA)) enhanced eIF2 phosphorylation, reflecting the activation of the atypical ER stress pathway and the potential applicability of compound 5 in lung cancer treatment.

A new set of 5‐bromoindole‐2‐carboxylic acid hydrazone derivatives were synthesized and studied as potential inhibitors of VEGFR‐2 tyrosine kinase (TK). Various physical (color, melting point, etc.) and spectroscopic (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS) methods were used to determine the structure of the novel 5‐bromoindole hydrazone derivatives. A molecular docking study revealed that 5‐bromo‐N′‐(4‐hydroxy or 4‐chloro or 4‐(dimethyl amino) benzylidene or furan‐2‐ylmethylene)‐1H‐indole‐2‐carbohydrazide derivatives had the best binding energies against the VEGFR TK domain. All of the newly synthesized compounds displayed adequate absorption levels and did not appear to inhibit cytochrome P450. Furthermore, they did not show in silico hepatotoxicity. The novel indole hydrazone derivatives inhibited cell proliferation (measured by the MTT assay) in three human cancer cell lines tested, with the 5‐bromo‐N′‐(4‐(dimethyl amino) benzylidene)‐1H‐indole‐2‐carbohydrazide derivative (5BDBIC) being the most potent against Hep G2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC50=14.3 μM), and almost similar to that of the standard VEGFR TK inhibitor sorafenib (IC50=6.2 μM). Compound 5BDBIC inhibited VEGFR‐2 TK activity leading to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and induction of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. In conclusion, compound 5BDBIC is a promising antitumor agent that targets the tyrosine kinase activity of VEGFR.

Saccharin is firstly synthesized in 1879. It is a very well-known as an inexpensive substitute for sugar as it is a non-caloric sweetener. The article shows the properties, use, metabolism and various synthesis and reactions of saccharine. Moreover, the toxicological reports explain that saccharin is mostly responsible for the bladder tumors observed in the male rats, the relationship between the consumption of saccharin and bladder cancer is afforded by epidemiological studies.  The benefit-risk evaluation for saccharin is hardly to indicate. Saccharin is a sugar substitute, frequently used either in food industry, or in pharmaceutical formulations and even in tobacco products. The chemistry of saccharin is interesting because of it suspected carcinogenous character and the possible use as an antidote for metal poisoning. It appears prudent to evaluate their main properties and applications further.

New derivatives of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin were synthesized via oxidation of methyl group at C4 of parent coumarin nucleus using SeO 2 as an oxidizing agent. Then the condensation with different aromatic amines and amino acids under conventional method. The structures of the title Schiff bases were elucidated by spectral analysis: FT-IR, 13 CNMR, and MS.All the compounds were tested in vitro for their preliminary antibacterial activity against two Gram-positive and two Gram -negative bacteria, using serial dilution method, and determining their minimum inhibitory concentrations for the title compounds. Most of the derivatives showed moderate to high antibacterial activity.Compound 7 showed a good antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus also very potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative E.coli. Density functional theory (DFT)calculations for the synthesized coumarins were performed using a molecular structure with optimized geometry. Molecular orbital calculations supported a full description of the orbitals, including spatial characteristics, nodal patterns, and the contributions of individual atoms.Highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies and structures are demonstrated.

A series of disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives, including imides and Schiff bases, was achieved from the starting material, ethyl-4-aminobenzoate, which was converted to the corresponding 4-aminobenzohydrazide (1), by its reaction with hydrazine hydrate in absolute ethanol. Two oxadiazole parent nuclei had been synthesized from (1), the first nucleus 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine(2), and the second is 5-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thione (3). Compound (2) Obtained from stirring methanolic solution of (1) with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) at RT. While compound (3) was synthesized by refluxing of (1) with CS2 in the presence of (KOH), the produced potassium salt of hydrazide underwent cyclization by acidification with 10% HCl. Meanwhile, the cyclic imides derivatives (4-6) and (10-12) were synthesized by thermal fusion of (2) or (3) with acid anhydrides, While Schiffʼs bases derivatives (7-9) and (13-15) were synthesized by a conventional method involved refluxing of (2) or (3) with different aromatic aldehydes, in acidic medium (using glacial acetic acid). The new derivatives had been tested against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, and Bacillus pumilus), and two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli),and two fungal species: (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans). Among the synthesized derivatives, compound (15) displayed a moderate to potent antibacterial activity, against different (Gram- positive and Gram- negative) bacteria, and also showed a slight to moderate antifungal activity.

A series of thiosemicarbazide derivatives of captopril, a well-known angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ACEI, have been synthesized by reaction of hydrazide of captopril with different phenylisothiocyanate substituents. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FTIR, 1HNMR and CHNS analysis. The final derivatives were tested for antiplatelet activity using multiplate analyzer and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (AA), and collagen, as platelet aggregation inducers. Among tested compounds, derivative 7 and 10 were the most potent inhibitors of platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid, with percent inhibition (97.14±0 and 95.71±2.02) and IC50 (2.7 and 1.21μgml), respectively. Molecular docking study was performed using purino receptor P2Y12, COX-1, and glycoprotein llbllla as the target protein, compound 7 has a potential to become as a lead molecule for COX-1 inhibitor with binding energy (-10.67) Kcal/mol. Also, compound 6 was found as the best inhibitor for the glycoprotein IIa/IIIb with percent inhibition (83.9±2.8), and binding energy (-10.05) Kcal/mol.

Novel compounds (6–10) were synthesized and confirmed by spectroscopic analysis, including AT-IR, 1HNMR and CHNS. Their cytotoxic effect was evaluated by MTT assay against two cancer cell lines and two normal cell types. Compound 7 exhibited anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (GI50 = 63.9 µg/ml, 148 µM), without any effect against A549 lung cancer cells, or the normal cells. Compound 7 caused cytotoxicity in MCF-7 breast cancer cells by apoptotic cell death, as suggested by fragmented nuclei after DAPI staining and agarose gel electrophoresis. In addition, treating MCF-7 cells with compound 7 resulted in an increase in the level of caspase 9 mRNA level, and its activation. Moreover, compound 7-treated MCF-7 cells showed enhanced cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol, signifying an induction of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Finally, compound 7 exhibited epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitory activity at (EC50 = 0.13 µM), which was matched by molecular docking studies that showed compound 7 might be an important EGFR kinase inhibitor.

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