The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY CONSTRAINTS IN AN AGING POPULATION: health and livelihood implications in rural Tanzania AbstractThis paper presents findings from a recent study of the transport and mobility constraints faced by older people in 10 settlements in Kibaha district Tanzania. It is concerned, in particular, with the interconnections between transport, health and livelihoods. The study is innovative in two respects: firstly, because it is presents a rare examination of older people's mobility issues in a developing country context; secondly because it draws on an innovative methodology of coinvestigation with older people as peer researchers. The paper demonstrates the diverse ways in which older people's health, livelihoods and access to transport are interconnected, the growing importance of motorcycle-taxi services for rural connectivity, and how the relationality between older people and younger generations contributes to the shaping of mobility patterns.Key words: older people, mobility, transport co-investigation, motorcycle-taxis, generational linkages, Tanzania IntroductionInterest in aging and mobility has grown substantially in recent years, as a recent special issue editorial in this journal observes (Schwanen, Paez 2010). This paper presents findings from a study of the transport and mobility constraints faced by older people in 10 settlements in Kibaha district Tanzania. It is concerned, in particular, with the interconnections between transport, health and livelihoods. The study is innovative from two perspectives: firstly, because it presents a rare examination of older people's mobility issues in a developing country context 1 , and secondly because it draws on an innovative methodology of co-investigation with older people as peer researchers, within a mixed-method approach. It also draws attention to the implications of older people's transport and mobility constraints for a much wider population.
The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.
This paper explores the impacts of gender mainstreaming initiatives in Tanzania's transport sector on the everyday reality of rural women's lives, including those facing multiple forms of discrimination. Using qualitative methods, including co-investigation with community members, data were triangulated from diverse sources: vulnerable women and other residents in two Tanzanian districts, road contractors, professionals engaged in supporting the country's transport programmes and staff in donor agencies. The results indicate that progress in mainstreaming has been slow. Despite government directives, few women have benefitted from employment in road construction except through two national programmes: the Village Travel and Transport Programme and the Tanzania Social Action Fund. However, most women, particularly those disadvantaged, derive benefit from road improvement, even if only as pedestrians or wheelchair users taking advantage of a smoother surface, or better travel security when vegetation is cut back. For women with the funds and independence to access the expanded transport services that tend to follow road improvements, there can be significant benefits – faster travel, improved access to farms and markets and sometimes lower transport costs. Nevertheless, women's constrained resources and prevailing cultural mores continue to militate against them directly operating transport, whether for personal or business use.
Human rights practice is of particular importance to addressing health disparities among forcibly displaced groups. Older refugees in low- and middle-income countries may be socially and structurally vulnerable to poor health related to human rights abuses, xenophobia, and inadequate resources compounded with ageism and isolation. In this policy and practice note, we use findings from a phenomenological study with 23 older Congolese refugees in urban Tanzania to explore the role of religious institutions to improve the health and wellbeing of older urban-displaced adults. Older refugees described how religious networks fostered spiritual support and guidance, enhanced social support and friendship, and provided opportunities to receive material and informational support. We consider how these narratives of support embedded within religious networks can reconfigure the role(s) of third sector/civil society (that is nongovernmental organizations [NGOs], nonprofit agencies) in urban humanitarian settings. We address possible strengths and challenges of including faith communities and actors in humanitarianism, outlining how such collaborative efforts could adhere to human rights tenets. Finally, we note how qualitative inquiry such as phenomenology is aligned with human rights in seeking to uphold human dignity and that these data, therefore, have special relevance in informing human rights praxis.
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