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This research seeks to determine whether politically connected independent directors (PCIDs) have a substantial effect in lowering the cost of debt (CoD). Therefore, the research aims to explain the relationship between political ties and the cost of debt, politically connected independent directors and the cost of debt, and state ownership and the relationship of politically connected independent directors and the cost of debt. In addition, we analyze the influence of corporate ownership on the connection. To illustrate this, we empirically study panel data which was separated into two periods (2011–2012 and 2013–2014) in state-owned and non-state-owned firms (SOEs and non-SOEs). We discovered that PCIDs had a considerable and unfavorable effect on the CoD, particularly in non-SOEs. As a result of the shared resource knowledge of PCIDs in government procurement contracts, finance, and law, the CoD in non-SOEs is reduced. The findings of this research add to the existing literature by employing data from China and demonstrating the impact of PCIDs in decreasing the cost of debt, particularly for non-SOEs.

Human resource accounting is only an attempt to ascertain the cost and value of the company’s human resources in terms of expenditures incurred through employment, social welfare, training, development, compensation, etc., in addition to trying to judge the contribution of these factors to the economic value of the company. This research aims to study the effect of human resource variables, compensation, and welfare of employees, training expenses, and profits after tax on the value of the company. Both market capitalization and total assets were used to determine the value of the company, and 40 companies were chosen from the Iraq Stock Exchange for the year 2018 to research. To achieve the research objectives, a multiple regression model was used. This research found that compensation to employees has no significant impact to affect the market value, while employee care and training expenses and profits have a positive and significant impact on market capitalization. The current research also revealed that employee compensation has a significant and negative effect on total assets, while employee care and training expenses and post-tax profits affect morally and positively the total assets.

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