Plant collection and identificationsPlant material were collected in MISAN/south of IRAQ in 2021 during summer season. The plant was identified and authenticated by Mr. mohanad Salim Pharmacognosy Department, of Almanara collage of medical sciences.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder characterized by mental and behavioral changes that develop progressively with a decline in brain function. Dysfunctions in glutamatergic and cholinergic pathways, along with an increased concentration of beta-amyloid protein (Aβ), lead to synapses that are full of phosphorylated protein. These changes result in several pathological, biochemical, cellular, and molecular alterations that increase neural excitation directly or indirectly at the neural level, affecting the synapse, axons, signal transmission, and all parts of neurons. All these alterations, with continuous excitatory effects, eventually lead to neural loss and degradation due to stimulation of the immune response. However, memantine is a non-competitive antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamatergic receptors of moderate affinity and voltage-dependent that blocks the effects of pathologically elevated glutamate tonic levels, which can lead to neuronal dysfunction. Memantine has shown improvement in cognition, global clinical status, activities of daily living, and behavioral disturbances in moderate and severe AD. In this review, we will discuss the effects of memantine use and side effects, as well as its application in treating other diseases or pathological conditions with the prospective use of memantine or an alternative. Memantine is generally well-tolerated, and the most common adverse reactions are vertigo, headache, and hallucinations, which are usually mild.
The purpose of our study was to examine chemical constituents of Calotropis Procera aerial parts using preliminary chemical test and GC-MS-MS analysis since no enough phytochemical investigation had been done regarding the plant in Iraq, the aerial parts leaves stems and fruits of C. Procera were extracted in 95% aqueous methanol in soxhlet and fractionated with n-hexane , chloroform respectively . The extract was analyzed using specific chemical reactions to diagnose the chemicals specifically the important secondary metabolites, and then checked further in GC-MSMS to identify the identity of each compound.
Background: Clinical pharmacogenetics is a rapidly growing field that focuses on the study of genetic variations and their impact on drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used to treat hypertension in Iraq but not all patients respond equally to these drugs. Aim: This article aims to review the current evidence on the clinical pharmacogenetics of ARBs in Iraq and its implications for personalized medicine. Materials and Methods: We conducted a literature review of studies on the genetic variations that affect the response to ARBs in Iraq. We also reviewed the prevalence of these genetic variants in the Iraqi population and discussed the potential clinical implications for personalized medicine. Results: The most studied genetic variations associated with ARB response in Iraq are the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene A1166C polymorphism. The angiotensin-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with variability in response to ARBs, while the angiotensin II type 1 receptor A1166C polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events in patients treated with ARBs. The prevalence of these genetic variants in the Iraqi population varies widely depending on the region and ethnic group. Conclusion: The clinical pharmacogenetics of ARBs in Iraq suggests that pharmacogenetic testing could improve the selection and dosing of ARBs in Iraqi patients, leading to better patient outcomes and cost-effective healthcare.
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