Background:Climate change's influence on extreme weather events poses a significant threat to the morbidity and mortality of asthma patients. The aim of this study was to examine associations between extreme weather events and asthma-related outcomes.Methods:A systematic literature search for relevant studies was performed using the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and ProQuest databases. Fixed-effects and random-effects models were applied to estimate the effects of extreme weather events on asthma-related outcomes.Results:We observed that extreme weather events were associated with increasing risks of general asthma outcomes with relative risks of 1.18-fold for asthma events (95% CI 1.13–1.24), 1.10-fold for asthma symptoms (95% CI 1.03–1.18) and 1.09-fold for asthma diagnoses (95% CI 1.00–1.19). Extreme weather events were associated with increased risks of acute asthma exacerbation with risk ratios of asthma emergency department visits of 1.25-fold (95% CI 1.14–1.37), of asthma hospital admissions of 1.10-fold (95% CI 1.04–1.17), of asthma outpatient visits of 1.19-fold (95% CI 1.06–1.34) and of asthma mortality of 2.10-fold (95% CI 1.35–3.27). Additionally, an increase in extreme weather events increased risk ratios of asthma events by 1.19-fold in children and 1.29-fold in females (95% CI 1.08–1.32 and 95% CI 0.98–1.69, respectively). Thunderstorms increased the risk ratio of asthma events by 1.24-fold (95% CI 1.13–1.36).Conclusions:Our study showed that extreme weather events more prominently increased the risk of asthma morbidity and mortality in children and females. Climate change is a critical concern for asthma control.
The aim of the study is to analyze the measures from Taiwan and the United States that responded to the Covid-19 in high education institutions. The method that was conducted in this study is qualitative with a narrative review as a data technique. Data collected from reviewed the relevant literature that meets inclusion criteria as the primary object. The descriptive qualitative analysis technique was used. The result of this study concludes that some measures from Taiwan and United States can be matched according to the characteristic in Indonesia. These two countries provide several lessons in tackling the Covid-19 problem in the education sector by preventing the transmission since the beginning, taking mitigation steps to reduce the speed of the spread of the virus, applying clear regulations and guidelines in various fields of life including education, and have a sense of sensitivity to relaxed and tightened of regulations.
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