Cryptography, or the use of code, has a sinister relative called steganography. Steganography is supposed to offer confidentiality whereas encryption is said to provide privacy. A method of concealed communication is steganography. The process of steganography involves hiding a message in a suitable carrier, such as an image or audio file, which can then be transported to the receiver without anybody being aware that it contains a hidden message. This is a method that civil rights organizations in oppressive states, for instance, might utilize to propagate their message without the knowledge of their own government. This paper aims to discuss different techniques for implementing steganography to multimedia files (text, still images, audio, and video).
Passive optical network (PON) is an ultimate solution for recent communication technology which accentuates on faster, less expensive and dependable communication system used as access network for optical fiber communication. The broadband carrier suppliers throughout the world are involved to innovate technique to pull down the complexity of network systems, required time of installation, and necessary skill set for installation which finally downsize the overall deployment expenses of the entire network structure. PON imparts one optical fiber to many end users by utilizing power splitters associated with various optical network unit (ONU) situated to customer's premises. One of the fundamental criteria of PON network planning is to design the path of optical link of a point-to-multipoint network which interfaces each end user through the central offices (COs) and power splitter(s), within a lower cost of deployment. This criterion needs to be executed considering the practical restrictions, such as conceivable fiber path, the splitting ratio of optical splitters, position of splitters, and presence of any obstacle on the deployment path. So, here, an algorithm is proposed to decrease the deployment cost by maintaining strategy of lower distance limit with avoiding the obstacle in the fiber path. So, ultimately, by this proposition, the network set-up cost will decrease, and the approximate deployment cost will be possible to compute.
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