The dramatic reductions in the OHI-S, PI, and GI scores in the group supplied with oral hygiene aids call for supplying low cost fluoridated toothpastes along with toothbrushes through the school systems in rural areas.

Sandblasting followed by acid etching provides significantly higher bond strength values compared to acid etching alone, irrespective of the bonding material employed.

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Alveolar bone exostoses (ABE), also known as a buttress bone formation, are not uncommon to the literature. Although, exostoses in response to the trauma from occlusion are a popular concept proposed more than 45 years ago, still the aetiological factors behind this development are unclear. Various risks and complications associated with orthodontic implants have been published, but buttress bone formation subsequent to this procedure has not been reported till date. This article describes a case of ABE, subsequent to the placement of orthodontic mini implants, where after careful evaluation, resective osseous surgery was performed.

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Today more than hundred years have passed since Dr Edward angle placed his first archwire into a patient's mouth and orthodontics began. It was during that period many innovations did occur that have been explained in terms of art. As time passed scientifically based orthodontics evolved and we see from that time much new innovation in material science have sum uped with new treatment approach and modalities. However, when we turn around and see the developments and innovations in the material science, we stand with pride: but the urge to make treatment still more comfortable and less time consuming, have led us to the introduction of a plethora of new orthodontic materials and products that represent significant improvement over their predecessors. This article compiles all archwire from angle era till recent available newer archwire.

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DESCRIPTIONA 22-year-old male reported with the chief complaint of spacing between front teeth and unpleasant smile. Medical and dental history was non-contributory. Intra oral examination revealed Angle's class I molar relationship with midline diastema. Bilateral supplementary mandibular premolars were noted in linguoversion ( fi gure 1 ). Radiographic examination revealed an impacted supernumerary maxillary premolar between right fi rst and second premolars ( fi gure 2 ). Supernumeraries can appear in both deciduous (0.3%-0.6%) and permanent dentitions (1%-3.5%). 1 The male to female ratio is 2:1. The most common supernumerary tooth is mesiodens, followed by maxillary lateral incisor, maxillary fourth molar and mandibular third premolar supernumeraries. Supernumerary premolars constitute approximately 10% of the total supernumerary cases, and almost 75% of those are in the mandible. 2 Mandibular supernumerary premolars usually resemble the permanent premolars in both size and shape. Although this problem seems to be caused by genetic or environmental factors, the aetiology is unknown. Supernumerary teeth cause certain clinical problems such as failure to erupt, displacement of a permanent tooth, crowding, or dentigerous cyst formation. Treatment is aimed at extraction of supernumeraries before problems arise, or at minimising the effect if other teeth have already been displaced. 3Competing interests None. Patient consent