The data on first lactation and lifetime performance records of 501 Nili-Ravi were collected for a period from 1983 to 2017 (35 years) maintained at ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sub-Campus, Nabha, Punjab. The data were analyzed to calculate heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlation for first lactation traits, viz., Age at First Calving (AFC), First Lactation Total Milk Yield (FLTMY), First Lactation Standard (305 days or less) Milk Yield (FLSMY), First Peak Milk Yield (FPY), First Lactation Length (FLL), First Dry Period (FDP), First Service Period (FSP) and First Calving Interval (FCI), Herd Life (HL), Productive Life (PL), Productive Days (PD), Unproductive Days (UD), Breeding Efficiency (BE), Total Lifetime Milk Yield (Total LTMY), Standard Lifetime Milk Yield (Standard LTMY), Milk Yield Per Day of Productive Life (MY/PL), Milk Yield Per Day of Productive Days (MY/PD), and Milk Yield Per Day of Herd Life (MY/HL). For estimation of variance component and heritability separately for each trait, the uni-trait animal model was equipped, whereas to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits, bi-trait animal models were fitted. The estimates of heritability for production and reproduction traits of Nili-Ravi were medium, i.e., 0.365 ± 0.087, 0.353 ± 0.071, 0.318 ± 0.082, 0.354 ± 0.076, and 0.362 ± 0.086 for FLSMY, FDP, FSP, FCI, and AFC, respectively. The estimates of heritability were low, i.e., 0.062 ± 0.088, 0.123 ± 0.090, 0.158 ± 0.090, 0.155 ± 0.091, and 0.129 ± 0.091 for HL, PL, PD, Total LTMY, and Standard LTMY and high, i.e., 0.669 ± 0.096 for BE. Genetic correlation for FLTMY was high with FLL (0.710 ± 0.103), and genetic correlation of FLTMY was high and positive with HL, Total LTMY, MY/PL, and MY/PD while low and positive with PL. Genetic correlation of AFC was low and negative with PL, PD, UD, BE, Total LTMY, Standard LTMY, MY/PL, and MY/PD and negative with MY/HL. Significant positive phenotypic association of FPY was seen with FLTMY, FLSMY, FLL, AFC, HL, Total LTMY, and Standard LTMY. Higher heritability of first lactation traits especially FPY suggests sufficient additive genetic variability, which can be exploited under selection and breeding policy in order to improve overall performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes.
The purpose of the present investigation was the preparation and evaluation of gastro-retentive floating drug delivery system for anti-diabetic drug metformin hydrochloride that would retain the drug in stomach and continuously release the drug in controlled manner up to a predetermined time leading to improve bioavailability. The microspheres were prepared by oil-in-oil emulsion solvent evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose, methacrylic acid copolymer (Eudragit RS100, Eudragit RSPO and Eudragit RLPO). The dried floating microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield (%), actul drug content (%), drug entrapment efficiency, floating behavior, scanning electron microscopy and in vitro drug release studies. The microspheres were found spherical, porous and free flowing with a size range. Compatibility studies were performed by fourier transform infra-redand (FTIR) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The DTA and FTIR data stated that drug and excipient were compatible. In-vitro release kinetics were studied in different mathematical release models following the zero order, Higuchi and Korsemeyer to find out the linear relationship and release rate of drug. The drug might be released by both diffusion and erosion as the correlation coefficient (R 2 ) best fitted with Korsemeyer model and release exponent (n) was 0.45-0.89. In most cases good in vitro floating behavior was observed and a broad variety of drug release pattern was achieved by variation of the polymer which optimized to match target release profile. The developed floating microspheres of metformin hydrochloride may be used in clinic for prolonged drug release in stomach for at least 8 hrs, thereby improving the bioavailability and patient compliance.
Objective: This study was conducted to estimate the association of age at first calving with first lactation traits as well as lifetime performance traits in Murrah buffaloes.Methods: Data on first lactation and life time performance of Murrah buffaloes (n=679), maintained at ICAR-CIRB, Hisar, India during the period 1983 to 2017, were deduced to calculate heritability estimates, genetic and phenotypic correlation of different first lactation and lifetime traits. The univariate animal model was fitted to estimate variance components and heritability separately for each trait, while bivariate animal models were set to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations between traits under study.Results: The heritability was high for First Peak Milk Yield (FPY, 0.64±0.08), moderate for Age at First Calving (AFC, 0.48±0.07) and breeding efficiency (BE 0.39±0.09). High genetic correlations of FLTMY (First Lactation Total Milk Yield) with FLSMY (First Lactation Standard (305 days or less) Milk Yield), FPY (First Peak Milk Yield) and FLL (First Lactation Length) was seen. Likewise, genetic correlation of AFC was positive with traits viz. FLTMY, FLL, FDP (First Dry Period), FSP (First Service Period), FCI (First Calving Interval), HL (Herd Life) and PD (Productive Days). Significant phenotypic correlation of FLTMY was observed with traits viz. HL (Herd Life), PL (Productive Life), PD, Total LTMY (Total Lifetime Milk Yield), Standard LTMY (Standard Lifetime Milk Yield). Moreover, positive genetic and phenotypic correlation of FPY was observed with HL, PL, PD, Total LTMY and Standard LTMY.Conclusion: This study reports that age at first calving had positive genetic correlation with FDP, FSP, FCI and UD (Unproductive Days) while, negative association of AFC was observed with FLSMY, PL, Total LTMY, Standard LTMY and BE. This suggests that reduction of age at first calving would results in improvement of lifetime performance traits.
We have done research work in lab to find out proper formulation of immediate release tablet by using of various types of disintegrants (crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose), in order to examine the effect of mode of absorption of disintegrants on release mechanism from tablets. Acetaminophen, a poor soluble drug was used as a model drug to estimate its release pattern from different formulations. The USP paddle method was selected to perform the dissolution profiles carried out by USP apparatus 2 (paddle) at 50 rpm in 900 ml phosphate buffer pH 5.8. Successive dissolution time, time required for 25%, 50% and 80% of the drug release (T25%, T50%, T80%) was used to evaluate the dissolution results. A One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to recognize the result. Statistically significant differences were found among the drug release profile from all the formulations except mode of addition of crosspovidone. At a fixed amount of disintegrants, extragranular mode of addition seemed to be the best mode of incorporation. The best release was achieved with the sodium carboxymethylcellulose and sodium starch glycolate containing formulations. The T50 and T80 values were analytical of the fact that the drug release was faster from tablet formulations containing carboxymethylcellulose and sodium starch glycolate. The drug release was very much negligible difference by the mode of crospovidone addition. Two formulations found very small T50 and T80 values indicating very much faster release. From the all formulations corresponded extragranular mode of addition could be the best mode of incorporation. The drug release was unaffected by the mode of crospovidone addition. The mode of incorporation of disintegrants suggested enchancing the release of poor soluble drugs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijpls.v1i3.12979 International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Vol.1(3) 2012
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