Purpose The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has put the world in a medical crisis for the past three years; nearly 6.3 million lives have been diminished due to the virus outbreak. This review aims to update the recent findings on COVID-19 infections from an epigenetic scenario and develop future perspectives of epi-drugs to treat the disease. Methods Original research articles and review studies related to COVID-19 were searched and analyzed from the Google Scholar/PubMed/Medline databases mainly between 2019 and 2022 to brief the recent work. Results Numerous in-depth studies of the mechanisms used by SARS-CoV-2 have been going on to minimize the consequences of the viral outburst. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 receptors and Transmembrane serine protease 2 facilitate viral entry to the host cells. Upon internalization, it uses the host machinery to replicate viral copies and alter the downstream regulation of the normal cells, causing infection-related morbidities and mortalities. In addition, several epigenetic regulations such as DNA methylation, acetylation, histone modifications, microRNA, and other factors (age, sex, etc.) are responsible for the regulations of viral entry, its immune evasion, and cytokine responses also play a major modulatory role in COVID-19 severity, which has been discussed in detail in this review. Conclusion Findings of epigenetic regulation of viral pathogenicity open a new window for epi-drugs as a possible therapeutical approach against COVID-19.
Due to the heterogeneity of colon cancer, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation are ineffective in all cases. The genomic profile and biomarkers associated with the process are considered in personalized medicine, along with the patient's personal history. It is based on the response of the targeted therapies to specific genetic variations. The patient's genetic transcriptomic and epigenetic features are evaluated, and the best therapeutic approach and diagnostic testing are identified through personalized medicine. This review aims to summarize all the necessary, updated information on colon cancer related to personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is gaining prominence as generalized treatments are finding it challenging to contain colon cancer cases which currently rank fourth among global cancer incidence while being the fifth largest in total death cases worldwide. In personalized therapy, patients are grouped into specific categories, and the best therapeutic approach is chosen based on evaluating their molecular features. Various personalized strategies are currently being explored in the treatment of colon cancer involving immunotherapy, phytochemicals, and other biomarker-specific targeted therapies. However, significant challenges must be overcome to integrate personalized medicine into healthcare systems completely. We look at the various signaling pathways and genetic and epigenetic alterations associated with colon cancer to understand and identify biomarkers useful in targeted therapy. The current personalized therapies available in colon cancer treatment and the strategies being explored to improve the existing methods are discussed. This review highlights the advantages and limitations of personalized medicine in colon cancer therapy. The current scenario of personalized medicine in developed countries and the challenges faced in middle- and low-income countries are also summarized. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives of personalized medicine in colon cancer and how it could be integrated into the healthcare systems.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-COV-2) has put the world in a medical crisis for the past three years, and almost every country, regardless of its developmental status, has been affected by the situation. Nearly 6.3 million lives have been diminished due to the virus outbreak. Numerous in-depth studies of the mechanisms used by SARS-COV-2 have been going on to minimize the consequences of the viral outburst. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 receptors and Transmembrane serine protease 2 facilitates the viral entry to the host cells, and upon internalization, it uses the host machinery to replicate viral copies and alter the downstream regulation of the normal cells, causing infection-related morbidities and mortalities. In addition, several epigenetic regulations such as DNA methylation, acetylation, histone modifications, microRNA, and many epigenetic factors such as age and sex are responsible for several upstreaming. Down streaming regulations of the viral entry, its immune evasion, and cytokine responses also play a major modulatory role in COVID-19 severity, which has been discussed in detail in this review.
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