This paper presents an investigation on the combustion performance of different Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) biodiesel blends with Conventional Diesel Fuel (CDF) under B5 (5% CME, 95% CDF), B15 (15% CME, 85% CDF), and B25 (25% CME, 75% CDF) conditions. The performances of these fuels were evaluated based on the temperature profiles of the combustor wall and emission concentration of Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ), Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ), and Carbon Monoxide (CO). The fuel properties of the CME biodiesel blends were measured and compared with CDF. All tested fuels were combusted using an open-ended combustion chamber at three different equivalence ratios, i.e., lean fuel to air mixture (Φ = 0.8), stoichiometry (Φ = 1.0), and rich fuel to air mixture (Φ =1.2), using a standard solid spray fuel nozzle. The results indicated that CME biodiesel blends combust at a lower temperature and produce less emission in comparison with CDF for all equivalence ratios. Moreover, the increase of CME content in biodiesel blends reduced the temperature of the combustor wall and the emission concentration. Results also proved that the utilization of biodiesel is beneficial to various industrial applications, especially in the transportation sector due to it being environmentally friendly, and serves as an alternative to petroleum diesel fuel.
The boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer are important since the quality of final product depends on factors such as the rate of cooling and stretching phenomenon. The pivotal aim of this research is to address magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) copper-aluminium oxide hybrid nanoparticles containing gyrotactic microorganisms over a stretching vertical cylinder with suction. The mathematical model has been formulated based on Tiwari-Das nanofluid model. Two types of nanofluid containing Copper (Cu) and Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) immersed in water is considered in this study. In the analysis, the governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by a similarity transformation. Corresponding boundary conditions are analysed numerically along with these equations and are programmed in MATLAB software through the bvp4c method to obtain the solutions. The numerical solutions are obtained for the skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and local density of motile microorganism as well as velocity, temperature, concentration, and microorganism profiles. The present analysis is validated by comparing with previously published work and found to be in good agreement. The effects of the parameter are analysed and discussed. According to the findings, suction increases shear stress, heat transport rate, mass transfer, and mass diffusivity. Moreover, hybrid nanofluid was discovered to be faster than nanofluid in terms of transit rate. Furthermore, the local density motile microorganism bioconvection Peclet number and bioconvection Lewis number increased.
Parallel microchannels have been widely used in cooling of compact electronic equipment due to large contact area with liquid and availability of large mass of fluid to carry away heat. However, understanding of flow distribution for microchannel parallel system is still unclear and there still lack of studies give a clear pictures to understand the complex flow features which cause the flow maldistribution. Generally, the geometrical structure of the manifold and micro channels play an important role in flow distribution between micro channels, which might affects the heat and mass transfer efficiency, even the performance of micro exchangers. A practical design of exchanger basically involves the selection of an optimized solution, keeping an optimal balance between gain in heat transfer and pressure drop penalty. A parallel microchannels configurations consisting inlet and outlet rectangular manifold were simulated to study flow distribution among the channels were investigated numerically by using Ansys Fluent 14.5. The numerical results was validated using existing experimental data and showed a similar trend with values 1% higher than experimental data. The influence of inlet/outlet manifold area and inlet/outlet arrangement on flow distribution in channels were carried out in this study. Based on the predicted flow non-uniformity value, 𝜙, Z- type flow arrangement exhibits higher value of 𝜙, which is 8%, followed by U-type, 2.6% and the I-type, 2.49%. Thus, a better uniformity of velocity and temperature distributions can be achieved in I-shape flow arrangement. The behavior of the flow distributions inside channels is due to the vortices that occurred at manifold. Besides comparing the pressure drop for case 1(D1) and case 2(D2), it is worth to mention that, as the area of inlet and outlet manifold decrease by 50%, the pressure drop is increasing about 5%. However, the inlet/outlet area of manifold on velocity and fluid temperature distributions was insignificant.
This paper presents a sample calculation of the benefits inherented in .reducing sulphur dioxide (S02) emissions for the Israel Electric Corporation (IEC) through a system approach. A methodology for calculating the benefits inherented in reducing various pollutant emissions has been formulated as well. This methodology was implemented for two sets of data, which describe a "clean" scenario and a "polluted" scenario through a model for long term optimal generation system expansion planning.The methodology described is suitable for calculating the cost of preventing the emission of S a and other pollutants as well.
This study proposed newly designed inlet manifolds to manage non-uniformity in parallel multi microchannel heat sink by introducing edges with a curved shape were introduced in order to reduce flow-recirculation at the sharp edges. This resulted in a better flow distribution in the parallel channels. A comprehensible numerical study has been performed using ANSYS-Fluent and a three-dimensional computational domain, incorporating the effect of conjugated heat transfer, was employed in this study. R134a was used as the working fluid and copper was selected as the heat sink material. The dimensionless channel flow ratio and flow maldistribution factor were introduced to quantify the flow distribution inside individual channels and the uniformity of this flow distribution. A uniform flow distribution is achieved when the maldistribution factor value approaches 0.
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