Major sociodemographic changes have occurred in Egypt to promote the development of noncommunicable diseases. We have performed a cross-sectional, population-based survey of persons > or = 20 years of age in Cairo and surrounding rural villages to describe the prevalence of diabetes risk factors, diagnosed diabetes, previously undiagnosed diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance by age, sex, rural and urban residence, and socioeconomic status (SES). In the survey, we identified 6052 eligible households: 76% of household respondents completed a household examination and 72% of selected household respondents subsequently completed a medical examination. Exercise was assessed by questionnaire; adiposity by measurement of height, weight, and girths; and diabetes by history and 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. In rural areas, 52% of persons > or = 20 years of age were sedentary, 16% were obese, and 4.9% had diabetes. In lower SES urban areas, 73% were sedentary, 37% were obese, and 13.5% had diabetes. In higher SES urban areas, 89% were sedentary, 49% were obese, and 20% had diabetes. The combined prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the Egyptian population > or = 20 years of age was estimated to be 9.3%. Approximately half the diabetes was diagnosed and the other half was previously undiagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes in Egypt is high, and the gradient in risk factors and disease from rural to urban areas and in urban areas from lower to higher SES suggest that diabetes is a major, emerging clinical and public health problem in Egypt.

We performed a cross-sectional, population-based survey of persons 20 years of age and older living in Cairo and surrounding rural villages. The purpose was to describe glycaemic control and the prevalence of microvascular and neuropathic complications among Egyptians with diagnosed diabetes, previously undiagnosed diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance. A total of 6052 households were surveyed. The response rate was 76% for the household survey and 72% for the medical examination. Among people with previously diagnosed diabetes, mean haemoglobin A1c, was 9.0%. Forty-two per cent had retinopathy, 21% albuminuria, and 22% neuropathy. Legal blindness was prevalent (5%) but clinical nephropathy (7%) and foot ulcers (1%) were uncommon in persons with diagnosed diabetes. Among people with diagnosed diabetes, microvascular and neuropathic complications were associated with hyperglycaemia. Retinopathy was also associated with duration of diabetes; albuminuria with hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia; and neuropathy with age, female sex, and hypercholesterolaemia. Albuminuria was as common in people with previously undiagnosed diabetes (22%) as those with diagnosed disease (21%). Mean haemoglobin A1c was lower (7.8%) and retinopathy (16%) and neuropathy (14%) were less prevalent in people with previously undiagnosed disease. Ocular conditions, blindness, and neuropathy were prevalent in the non-diabetic population. The microvascular and neuropathic complications of diabetes are a major clinical and public health problem in Egypt.

The onset of diabetes relative to clinical diagnosis was estimated in Egyptians with noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) based on the relationship between retinopathy and duration of diabetes. Between July 1992 and October 1993 the Diabetes in Egypt (DIE) Project performed a cross-sectional, population-based survey with clinical and laboratory follow-up to describe the prevalence of microvascular, neuropathic, and macrovascular complications among Egyptians a 20 years of age with diagnosed diabetes, previously undiagnosed diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance. The sample of persons with diabetes diagnosed prior to the survey had medical examinations which included a dilated eye examination and retinal photographs. Generalized linear models were used to relate the probability of retinopathy to duration of diabetes. Among 218 persons with diabetes diagnosed prior to the DIE project, 87 (40 %) had diabetic retinopathy. The onset of retinopathy was estimated to occur 2.6 years (p = 0.04) prior to clinical diagnosis. The estimated annual incidence of retinopathy was 5 % and the estimated prevalence at the time of clinical diagnosis of diabetes was 12 %. On the basis of reports that retinopathy does not occur until approximately 5 years after the development of diabetes, the onset of NlDDM was estimated to occur 7.6 years prior to its clinical diagnosis. This estimate of the onset of NIDDM in Egyptians is comparable to other estimates reported for US and Australian populations. KEY WORDS Non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus Diagnosis Retinopathy Epidemiology Egypt Patients and Methods The method of identification and description of the study Population has been reported elsewhere.' Between July 1992 and October 1993, the Diabetes in Egypt (DIE)

The addition of CHX and miswak to GIC showed superior antibacterial properties than conventional GIC, without seriously affecting the clinical performance of the restoration until the 6-month follow-up, but failure significantly increased in terms of marginal defects at 9 months with CHX (group 1).

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Background The importance of Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a minimally invasive and nonaerosolizing management during COVID-19 pandemic has highly increased. SDF is a caries-arresting agent that causes staining of tooth structure. Managing this discoloration will increase its acceptance in treating primary teeth. The main aim of this study was to quantify the color change associated with the application of SDF on extracted carious primary molars, the potential masking of this color change by potassium iodide (KI), composite (CMP) and glass ionomer cement (GI) and the effect of aging on this color masking effect. Methods An in-vitro study in which 52 carious primary molars were collected, prepared, and distributed randomly into four groups equally as follows: Group A: SDF 38%; Group B: SDF 38% + KI; Group C: SDF 38% + CMP; Group D: SDF 38% + GI. Color changes were recorded for each sample at baseline, and after application of the tested materials. Moreover, all samples had undergone Suntest aging followed by a third color reading. CIELAB values L*, a*, b*, ΔL, Δa, and Δb were measured, ΔE was calculated, and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-Hoc Scheffé test (p < 0.05). Results MANOVA revealed the significant influence of the factor ‘material’. SDF caused an obvious color change compared to the color of carious dentin. Regarding ΔL, the color change of groups C and D was not significant directly after application of the tested materials. After aging, it was significant among all groups, including groups C and D. In Δa there was a difference between SDF and groups B and C after application of the tested materials, and aging produced the same results. The color shifts of Δb of all tested groups varied significantly from one another. After aging, there was no difference between group D and either group A or B. Conclusions Treatment with SDF caused obvious discoloration of carious dentin. Directly after SDF application, all tested materials could effectively mask the color change associated with the application of SDF. CMP was the only material whose color masking effect was not completely reversed by aging.

Introduction “Antibiotic resistance” is of main concern in global health and that it could hinder the achievement of sustainable development goals. One of the reported contributing factors is the irrational prescribing behaviour of healthcare professionals including dentists. Efforts to design and evaluate effective educational programmes for undergraduate dental students about appropriate prescribing behaviour during their early educational years could mitigate the risk of antibiotic resistance. Materials and Methods A total of 322 students participated in the study. Their knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance was assessed. Students received a specially designed, interactive educational programme. The success of the programme was assessed after the educational sessions and 2 years later using Kirkpatrick’s four‐level evaluation model. Results This study is the first study to use Kirkpatrick model to evaluate an educational programme for dental students. The results of the first level of evaluation showed an overall satisfaction score of 82.1%. The second level revealed an increase in the percentage of correct answers after the educational sessions from 68.3% to 80%, and significant agreement with responsible antibiotics usage (p‐value = .020, Effect size = 0.121). The third level showed that the percentage of correct answers 2 years later was 87.5%. The fourth level confirmed the success of the programme as 88.9% of participants reported using the knowledge gained from the programme when prescribing antibiotics. Conclusions Our study emphasises the success of the used educational programme and highlights the need for educational interventions in the under graduate dental curriculum.