Testosterone is necessary for general well- being, mental and physical health. Testosterone level decreases with age. Women also benefit from testosterone therapy. Testosterone therapy improves mood, mental and physical health. Testosterone therapy mitigates risk of cardiovascular event and improves measures of body habitus and can be considered as an adjuvant therapy for weigh loss. Pre-treatment with testosterone seems promising to improve the success of In-vitro Fertilization (IVF) in patients with ovarian failure. Transdermal testosterone use by postmenopausal woman does not influence mammographic density leading to probable misdiagnoses. The only evidence-based indication for testosterone therapy for women is for the treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (HSDD). No female testosterone product has been approved by national regulatory authority due to the lack of data concerning efficacy and safety of these preparations in women.
Background: Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide. The proper management of this cancer during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or similar outbreaks could be a serious challenge. Proper timing of surgery, radiotherapy, and other medical modalities are essential in providing the most effective treatment. Objectives: This systematic review aimed at evaluating the proper management of prostate cancer during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: This study was conducted from 2019 to 2022. An internet search was conducted using the keywords: Diagnosis, management, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, hormone ablation therapy, chemotherapy and prostate cancer, and COVID-19. The visited databases included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Google Scholar, and Scientific Information Database. The review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for a systematic review and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: Postponing the biopsy for up to three months and adopting of non-invasive diagnostic methods were likely reasonable during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with cancer were more prone to severe injuries and were more likely to have serious complications. Surgery, radiation therapy, brachytherapy, palliative radiation, hormone ablation therapy, and chemotherapy were among the pre-institutional treatments that had to be performed according to medical protocols as well as health and professional guidelines. Conclusions: It was recommended that the prostate cancer screening should not be performed for asymptomatic men during the COVID-19 outbreak. It was also suggested that the treatment should be performed in the shortest possible time and in the safest way.
Having detrimental effects on health-care system, infertility can be related to some risk factors, especially different kinds of viruses. Human Endogenous Retrovirus-k (HERV-K) env, gag, np9 and rec can be considered as one of these viral agents which is likely to cause male infertility, and we attempted to evaluate it. This case-control study was conducted on sperm samples of 96 participants in Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran from January 2020 to December 2021. After extracting the RNA of these samples, we evaluated the expression of HERV-K env, np9, rec, gag using Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QRT-PCR). Our data revealed that HERV-K, rec, np9 and env in abnormal samples were higher than normal ones. However, the opposite trend was true for gag expression since a meaningful reduction can be observed in abnormal samples. The results of our study suggested that there is a plausible correlation between the expression level of this virus’s genes, and the progression of infertility. We proposed this marker as a promising biomarker to diagnose infertility. However, further studies are required to support these results.
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