No abstract

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of solvent, particle size, extraction time and ultrasound on extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds and tannins in pistachio by-products (PB). Study Design: Factorial experiment based on completely randomized design. Methodology: Four solvents (70% aqueous acetone, 50% aqueous methanol, 50% aqueous ethanol and water), 2 particle size (fine vs coarse) and 2 extraction time (12 vs 24h) were used to extract total phenolics (TP) and total tannins (TT) of sun-dried PB (93.5% DM). Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used for phenolics and tannins quantification. In another experiment, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was used for extracting phenolic compounds. Results: Using 70% aqueous acetone resulted in more TP (13.86% of DM as tannic acid equivalent) compared to other solvents and the lowest TP content was measured in water (9.87%). Particle size and time of extraction had no effect on TP content. Tannin concentration were not affected by particle size but decreased by increasing time from 12 to 24h (7.34 vs 6.81%). Higher tannin was extracted by 50% aqueous ethanol compared to aqueous methanol and/or water (7.82%). However, no differences were observed between 70% aqueous acetone and 50% aqueous ethanol and/or methanol. The interactions between main effects were not statistically significant. In another experiment, TP and TT

No abstract

A lactation experiment was conducted to determine the influence of addition of pistachio by-products extract (PBE) to alfalfa silage (AS) on performance, rumen fermentation, milk yield and composition, and microbial nitrogen synthesis. Eight multiparous dairy goats (1.8 ± 0.25 kg of milk yield) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to compare two types of AS (supplemented with or without PBE) with two levels of dietary crude protein (14% vs. 16% CP). Dietary treatments were (i) AS with 14% CP of DM diet without PBE (14%CP-PBE), (ii) AS with 14% CP of DM diet with PBE (14%CP + PBE), (iii) AS with 16% CP of DM diet without PBE (16%CP-PBE) and (iv) AS with 16% CP of DM diet with PBE (16%CP + PBE). PBE was sprayed on fresh alfalfa at a ratio of 500 ml/kg alfalfa DM to get the final concentration of 1% tannin as tannic acid equivalent on DM basis. Intake of CP was greater (p < 0.01) in goats fed 16% CP diets than those fed 14% CP diets, regardless of PBE supplementation. Supplementation of PBE tended to decrease (p = 0.09) rumen NH3 -N concentration regardless of the level of CP in the diet. Supplementation of PBE tended (p = 0.09) to decrease total purine derivatives regardless of the level of CP in the diet with no significant change in microbial nitrogen supply. Efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis (EMNS) had a tendency (p = 0.07) to decrease in PBE supplemented diets. There was also a tendency (p = 0.10) for more EMNS in 14% CP fed goats than those fed 16% CP diets. Therefore, AS supplemented with PBE may lead to less concentration of ruminal NH3 -N because of decreased degradation of CP by rumen micro-organisms in response to pistachio by-products tannins.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract