Context: Divided attention is impaired in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The influence of divided attention on people with AD has been considered from different perspectives, such as motor ability, cortical responses, performance in divided attention evaluation tasks, and comparison of divided attention and directed and focused attention. The purpose of the current study was to investigate divided attention in AD patients from these different perspectives.Evidence Acquisition: An electronic search was performed in January and February 2016 in PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Ovid databases to obtain relevant articles published from 1980 to 2015. The keywords used included "Alzheimer's disease", "attention", and "divided attention". The articles obtained were studied using the following standard protocol for inclusion criteria written in the English language, the focus of studies was on divided attention in AD, and no other types of cognitive ability. From the 60 articles found, 10 articles that were adhered to the inclusion criteria were selected for consideration. Results:The 10 studies reviewed considered divided attention in AD from different domains. These domains showed that AD patients had impaired performance in tasks that required divided attention and showed deficits in motor tasks stemming from the negative effects of impaired divided attention on motor ability. Different types of brain deficits have been observed in neuroimaging techniques in individuals with AD during divided attention tasks. Those with AD showed greater impairment for divided attention than for directed and focused attention. Conclusions:Divided attention influences the lives of those with AD from several perspectives. These include the inability to focus on two or several relevant stimuli simultaneously that require divided attention rather than directed and focused attention and a deficit in the performance of motor tasks such as gait and other problems in daily life, such as falling. In addition, depression also had a negative effect on divided attention. Depressed AD patients had more difficulty in daily activities than AD patients without depression. The areas of the brain involved in divided attention in individuals with AD differ from those involved in unaffected people.
Aim and background: The goal of this research is, to study the effect of different dental impression methods in the abutment and fixture levels using the Sectional (SE) and Full Arch (FA) approaches in some implants with internal connectionsas well as different angles of each implant placements on the accuracy of the final casts. Methods and Materials: 4 analogues(implant replicas) were placed on both sides of the imaginary arch (the premolar and the first molar area)in a way that, the opposite side analogues would buccolingually make an angle of 40-60 degreeswhile, each of the analogueswere tilted 10 degreesmesially in their longitudinal axis. The dental impression procedure in both fixture and abutment levels was conducted by the same person using Poly Vinyl Siloxane (PVS). 10 FA and 10 SE dental impressions were taken from each fixture and abutmentlevels. The impressions were castedusingDental Stone Type IV. The center to center distance between the implants (a, b and etc.) along with their angles (θ1, θ2 and etc.) on the initial cast and the duplicated cast were all measured using the Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) device in the X-Y-Z axis. The results were analyzed using a statistic software called Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 20) based on theT-Test, One-Way ANOVA and Two-Way ANOVA statistical methods. (p<0.05) Results: The results of the Two-Way ANOVA showed a significant difference between the studied groups. (P<0.001) The results of the One-Way ANOVA illustratedchanges of line and angle movements in all positions as (Δa, Δb, Δc, etc.) and (Δθ1, Δθ2, etc.) while, using FA impression in the fixture and the abutment levels showed a significant statistical difference. (P<0.001) The results of the T-Test in the SE approach in two levels of fixture and abutment demonstratedthat, only changes in θ2angle wassignificant, as other changes of (Δf and Δθ1)also showed a significant difference. (P>0.05) Moreover, the SE approach in abutment's level was significantly more precise in accordanceto the fixture level. Conclusion: In angulated implants, it is recommended to make the dental impressionin the abutment level using a sectional approach which, has higher precision.
Introduction: Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important factor in the use of anchorage device. This study assessed the amount of bone density in the areas from 2.5 and 8.11 mm from maxillary alveolar to basal bone in Hounsfield units. Methodology: The samples included 30 unilateral cleft palate (15 males and 15 females) with the mean age of 14.23±2.5 years and 30 non-clefts (15 males and 15 females) with the mean age of 14±2.59 years. CBCT was used to estimate the values of bone density in Hounsfield units in the cleft and noncleft patients. BMD was measured in 4 heights (2-5-8-11mm) from alveolar bone to basal bone in mesio-distal and bucco-lingual slices in the upper jaw. T-test was used to analyze the bone density values between the cleft and noncleft. Results: The highest alveolar bone density in the mesio-distal slice was 1004± 6 HU between the right and left centrals in the upper jaw in height of 11 mm in non-cleft patients. The least amount of alveolar bone density in the mesio-distal slice was 259±29 HU in tuberosity in height of 11 mm in cleft patients. In non-cleft patients, the most amount of bone density was found 1639± 11 HU between the centrals in height of 11 mm in the bucco-lingual slice. Conclusions: Bone density in cleft patients was lower than in non-cleft patients in all areas and maxillary tuberosity showed the lowest bone density in cleft and non-cleft patients.
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