Metaheuristic algorithm is a very important area of research that continuously improve in solving optimization problems. Nature-inspired is one of the classifications of metaheuristic algorithm that are becoming more popular among researchers for the last decades. Nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms contributes significantly to tackling many standing complex problems (such as combinatorial tway testing problem) and achieving optimal results. One challenge in this area is combinatorial explosion problem which always intended to find the most optimal final test suite that will cover all combinations of a given interaction strength. As such, test case generation is selected as the most active research area in combinatorial t-way testing as Non-deterministic Polynomial-time hardness (NP-hard). However, not all metaheuristics are effectively adopted in combinatorial t-way testing, some proved to be effective and thus have been popular tools selected for optimization whilst others are not adopted. This research paper outlines hundred and ten (110) outstanding nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms for the last decades (2001 and 2021) such as Coronavirus Optimization Algorithm, Ebola Optimization Algorithm, Harmony Search, Tiki-Taka Algorithm, and so on. The purpose of this review is to revisit and carry out up-to-date review on these distinguished algorithms with their respective current state of use. This is to inspire future research in the field of combinatorial t-way testing for better optimization. Thus, we found that all metaheuristics has a simple structure to be adopted in different areas for becoming a more efficient in optimization. Finally, we suggested some future paths of investigation for researchers who are interested in the combinatorial t-way testing field to employ more of these algorithms by tuning their parameters setting to achieve an optimal solution.

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Pairwise testing is an approach that tests every possible combinations of values of parameters. In this approach, number of all combinations are selected to ensure all possible pairs of parameter values are included in the final test suite. Generating test cases is the most active research area in pairwise testing, but the generation process of the efficient test suite with minimum size can be considered as one of optimization problem. In this research paper we articulate the problem of finding a pairwise final test suite as a search problem and the application of harmony search algorithm to solve it. Also, in this research paper, we developed a pairwise software testing tool called PWiseHA that will generate test cases using harmony search algorithm and this PWiseHA is well optimized. Finally, the result obtained from PWiseHA shows a competitive results if matched with the result of existing pairwise testing tools. PWiseHA is still in prototype form, an obvious starting point for future work.

Deployment of mini macrocell base stations can also be referred to as femtocells improve quality of service of indoor and outdoor users. Nevertheless, mobility management remains a key issue with regards to their deployment. This paper is leaned towards this issue, with in-depth focus on the most important aspect of mobility management - handover. In handover management, making a handover decision in the LTE two-tier macrocell femtocell network is a crucial research area. Decision algorithms in this research, are classified and comparatively analyzed according to received signal strength, user equipment speed, cost function and interference. However, it was observed that most of the discussed decision algorithms fail to consider cell selection with hybrid access policy in a single macrocell multiple femtocell scenario, another observation was a majority of these algorithms lack the incorporation of user equipment residence parameter. Not including this parameter boosts the number of unnecessary handover occurrence. To deal with these issues, a sophisticated handover decision algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm considers the user’s velocity, received signal strength, residence time as well as the femtocell base station’s access policy. Simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm reduces the number of unnecessary handovers when compared to conventional received signal strength based handover decision algorithm.

The World Wide Web (www) has become an interactive medium for millions of Internet users across the world, daily visiting occur for various purposes. However, their behavior could be monitored by various service providers or company’s website they visited for several purposes. Thus, we can see that if certain data pre-processing techniques are practiced correctly, results will be of high quality and in turn provide substantial evidence of the user and its web session. This paper provides a way of knowing user behavior on the web. It explains the use of cookies: Cookies allow you to do many things such as log on to Internet Banking, have us 'remember' your log-in preferences, when logging on, a pop-up window appears stating the service is not available and to try later. A misspelled domain name in the address line. Lotteries that charge a fee to collect your winnings, apply for products and services online, and use financial tools like our ‘find and compare’ mortgage calculators., servers, and proxy logs with some scripting to be able not only to get a user’s IP address but also get personal information like age, identity, and any other credential as long as the user puts them down while using the web.

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