Let S be a projective simply connected complex surface and L be a line bundle on S. We study the moduli space of stable compactly supported 2-dimensional sheaves on the total spaces of L. The moduli space admits a C *action induced by scaling the fibers of L. We identify certain components of the fixed locus of the moduli space with the moduli space of torsion free sheaves and the nested Hilbert schemes on S. We define the localized Donaldson-Thomas invariants of L by virtual localization in the case that L twisted by the anticanonical bundle of S admits a nonzero global section. When p g (S) > 0, in combination with Mochizuki's formulas, we are able to express the localized DT invariants in terms of the invariants of the nested Hilbert schemes defined by the authors in [GSY17a], the Seiberg-Witten invariants of S, and the integrals over the products of Hilbert schemes of points on S. When L is the canonical bundle of S, the Vafa-Witten invariants defined recently by Tanaka-Thomas, can be extracted from these localized DT invariants. VW invariants are expected to have modular properties as predicted by S-duality.

We express nested Hilbert schemes of points and curves on a smooth projective surface as "virtual resolutions" of degeneracy loci of maps of vector bundles on smooth ambient spaces.We show how to modify the resulting obstruction theories to produce the virtual cycles of Vafa-Witten theory and other sheaf-counting problems. The result is an effective way of calculating invariants (VW, SW, local PT and local DT) via Thom-Porteous-like Chern class formulae.

We construct natural virtual fundamental classes for nested Hilbert schemes on a nonsingular projective surface S. This allows us to define new invariants of S that recover some of the known important cases such as Poincaré invariants of Dürr-Kabanov-Okonek and the stable pair invariants of Kool-Thomas. In certain cases, we can express these invariants in terms of integrals over the products of Hilbert scheme of points on S, and relate them to the vertex operator formulas found by Carlsson-Okounkov. The virtual fundamental classes of the nested Hilbert schemes play a crucial role in the Donaldson-Thomas theory of local-surface-threefolds that we study in [GSY17b].

We compute the C * -equivariant quantum cohomology ring of Y , the minimal resolution of the DuVal singularity C 2 /G where G is a finite subgroup of SU (2). The quantum product is expressed in terms of an ADE root system canonically associated to G. We generalize the resulting Frobenius manifold to non-simply laced root systems to obtain an n parameter family of algebra structures on the affine root lattice of any root system. Using the Crepant Resolution Conjecture, we obtain a prediction for the orbifold Gromov-Witten potential of [C 2 /G].

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