Several coronaviruses (CoVs) have been associated with serious health hazards in recent decades, resulting in the deaths of thousands around the globe. The recent coronavirus pandemic has emphasized the importance of discovering novel and effective antiviral medicines as quickly as possible to prevent more loss of human lives. Positive-sense RNA viruses with group spikes protruding from their surfaces and an abnormally large RNA genome enclose CoVs. CoVs have already been related to a range of respiratory infectious diseases possibly fatal to humans, such as MERS, SARS, and the current COVID-19 outbreak. As a result, effective prevention, treatment, and medications against human coronavirus (HCoV) is urgently needed. In recent years, many natural substances have been discovered with a variety of biological significance, including antiviral properties. Throughout this work, we reviewed a wide range of natural substances that interrupt the life cycles for MERS and SARS, as well as their potential application in the treatment of COVID-19.

Over the past few decades, the synthesis and potential applications of nanocatalysts have received great attention from the scientific community. Many well-established methods are extensively utilized for the synthesis of nanocatalysts. However, most conventional physical and chemical methods have some drawbacks, such as the toxicity of precursor materials, the requirement of high-temperature environments, and the high cost of synthesis, which ultimately hinder their fruitful applications in various fields. Bioinspired synthesis is eco-friendly, cost-effective, and requires a low energy/temperature ambient. Various microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and algae are used as nano-factories and can provide a novel method for the synthesis of different types of nanocatalysts. The synthesized nanocatalysts can be further utilized in various applications such as the removal of heavy metals, treatment of industrial effluents, fabrication of materials with unique properties, biomedical, and biosensors. This review focuses on the biogenic synthesis of nanocatalysts from various green sources that have been adopted in the past two decades, and their potential applications in different areas. This review is expected to provide a valuable guideline for the biogenic synthesis of nanocatalysts and their concomitant applications in various fields.

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Astrocytomas are tumors that arise from astrocytes-star-shaped cells that make up the "glue-like" or supportive tissue of the brain. Astrocytomas can appear in various parts of the brain and nervous system, including the cerebellum, the cerebrum, the central areas of the brain, the brainstem and the spinal cord. The main objective of this study was to detect the sensitivity of the CT scan in diagnosis of the brain astrocytoma, in patients who were confirmed as brain gliomas using computerized tomography of the brain versus brain tissue biopsy after surgery. One hundred and one patients were included in this study. Bio-data collected for these patients (age, gender), radiographic appearance, contrast enhancement and the site of the tumor, were statistically analyzed. Out of the 101 patients with brain gliomas, 52 (51.5%) were male whose ages ranged between 1 and 80 years, and 64 (63.4%) cases were diagnosed as astrocytoma by CT. This study concluded that the CT brain was sensitive in the diagnosis of brain astrocytomas.

Background: The clinical show of illnesses including the thoracic aorta goes from countless patients who have no symptoms, having a medically imperceptible thoracic part of the Arora to victims with side effects of extreme ribcage torment because of intense aortic analysis. Objective: A retrospective study was conducted in computed tomography CT departments of three hospitals to quantify the average thoracic aorta width in the population of Sudan to compare it with international measurements. Methodology: The data collected from 500 randomly selected non-pathological patients were analyzed by the SPSS program and presented in tables and figures. Results: Results revealed that the diameter of the aorta is affected by the body length, age of the patient, and weight, except the gender which is a non-significant factor. Also, the typical size of the plunging part of the Aorta was 12.17±1.78 cm, the proximal diameter of the aorta was 2.51±0.56 cm, the focus width was 2.08±0.41 cm, and the distal breadth was 2.11±0.45 cm. The width of the aorta is very susceptible to size as well as out of the individual. Furthermore, an unusually large distinction (P=0.001) was seen between age and distant breadth of the aorta, although a small distinction (P=0.018) was obtained between the patient's level and terminal breadth of the aortic arch. Conclusion: It is reasoned that the figured tomography is assuming an extraordinary part in the estimation of the ordinary width of slipping of the thoracic aorta by giving a subtle depiction of sliding thoracic aorta breadth in a gathering of the solid Sudanese populace. Keywords: Thor Aorta, Computed tomography, Statistical analysis, Sudan

Background: MRI is a widely used modality for diagnosing patients with knee complaints, and it has increasingly replaced diagnostic arthroscopy in this regard. The current research aimed to study the assessment of traumatic knee injuries using MRI, to identify any correlations between the type of tissue damage and age, to determine the ligaments most frequently involved, and to compare the frequency of knee injuries in athletes to those in the general population. Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study included 150 patients with a history of knee injuries who were referred for knee MRI. The study was carried out in the radiology departments of two hospitals (King Faisal Hospital and King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia). Medical reports were collected from March 2021 to April 2022. The largest number of affected males were in the age group of 20-30 years; the largest number of affected females were in the age groups of 51-60 years and >60 years. Most athletic patients were in the age group of 20-30 years of age. The anterior cruciate ligament (51.9%) and meniscus (43.1%) were the most affected parts of the knee joint in patients of all ages. Joint effusions and cysts were found in 74.4% and 21.6%, respectively, among all age groups. A torn disc was found in 4 cases, only in male patients aged <20 to 40 years. Conclusion: A non-invasive, radiation-free procedure, MRI facilitates accurate “lesion mapping,” which is important in the diagnosis and follow-up of traumatic knee injuries.

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