Microorganisms live almost everywhere, they are even present on inanimate objects such as Mobile phones, as a result contaminates our body. The main purpose of this study was tantamount to compare microbial contamination of keypad and touch screen mobile cell phones between hospital and non-hospital staffs. Samples were collected from 456 cell phones of hospital and non-hospital. Microbial swab samples were taken from 1 cm2 of surface from each cell phone, and incubated on Brain Heart Infusion agar media at 37.5 °C for 24 h. Isolated microorganisms were grown aerobically on 55% defibrinated Sheep Blood and eosin methylene blue agar media at 37.5 °C for 48 h. In present study the antibiotic microorganism-resistant could not be observed. Overall, 456 cell phones were collected: 240 (52.63%) from hospital staff (nurses), 216 (47.36%) from non-hospital staff (health care worker outside the hospital). The result indicates that the bacterial contamination of phones used by all of different investigated groups was lower in touch screen devices than keypad devices and the contamination was found more in hospital staff cellphone than non-hospital staff׳s cell device. Woman׳s cell also has a few colonies rather than man׳s cell phones. The dominant microorganisms in the hospital staff were, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacillus species, especially Gram-positive bacteria sporulated and staphylococcal negative coagulase, respectively. Cell phones could be a serious threat to the spread of cross-infection in hospitals, therefore development of hand hygiene and cell phone cleaning guidelines is needed regarding public cell phone use.
BackgroundTextile wastewater contains a significant amount of bio dye compounds including Reactive Black 5 (RB5) as an Azo dye that causes serious damage to the environment and aquatic life in receiving water resources. It is estimated that approximately 15% of the dyestuff is discharged into water bodies and 50% of those are Azo dyes.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of combining electrocoagulation and bio-adsorption methods using the active carbons from Kenya tea waste to remove RB5 from aquatic solutions.MethodsExperiments were done in wastewater and the Wastewater laboratory of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences in 2017. Initially, iron electrodes were installed in a 1 L glass container and connected to electrical power with primary dye concentration of 500 mg/l, EC 1000–3000 μs/cm, adsorbent dosage of 0.2–1.0 mg/l, pH 2–9 and electrical potential 30 V. After that, the samples were collected at twenty-minute intervals until the eightieth minute. Performance of dye removal was measured using spectrophotometer techniques (597 nm). Finally, the data were analyzed by descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel 2017 version.ResultsThe findings of this study demonstrated that the highest simultaneous removal performance (96%) was obtained by pH 6, 80-minute reaction time, and EC 3000 μs/cm. With the increasing of reaction time, the energy consumption, electrodes wear, pH, final temperature of effluent, and removal efficiency would increase. Adsorption process could play a small role in the removal of the dye, while it was very effective in improving the performance of the electrocoagulation process.ConclusionA combination of the electrocoagulation and adsorption processes can be adopted as an efficient and economical way to treat effluents contaminated with dyestuff.
Disinfection of water refers to a special operation that is doing to kill or disable causative organisms (i.e. Pathogens) and in particular, intestinal bacteria. The aim of this pilot study is comparison of disinfection power of Chlorine dioxide and chlorine in a real dairy wastewater effluent. In this regard, firstly prepared two 220-l tanks made of polyethylene as reaction tanks and filled by effluent of a dairy wastewater treatment plant. Both tanks were equipped with mechanical stirrer. Then a Diaphragm dosing pumps with the maximum capacity of 3.9 l per hour were used for the chlorine dioxide and chlorine (Calcium hypochlorite) 0.5 up to 3 ppm injection. Residual level of Chlorine dioxide and Chlorine were measured by portable photometric method DT4B kit, Germany. Finally, the Multiple-Tube Fermentation, Brilliant Green Bile Broth (BGB) and Eosin methylene blue Agar (EMB) technique was used for microbial analysis and the results were reported as the most probable number index (MPN) respectively. The data showed that the residual of chlorine dioxide could stood more active than residual of chlorine in the aqueous environment significantly. Therefore, Use of chlorine dioxide is more effective than chlorine for removal fecal and total coliform from dairy wastewater effluent.
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