The degradation of the phenylurea monolinuron (MLN) by ultrasound irradiation alone and in the presence of TiO(2) was investigated in aqueous solution. The experiments were carried out at low and high frequency (20 and 800 kHz) in complete darkness. The degradation of MLN by ultrasounds occurred mainly by a radical pathway, as shown the inhibitory effect of adding tert-butanol and bicarbonate ions to scavenge hydroxyl radicals. However, CO(3)(-) radicals were formed with bicarbonate and reacted in turn with MLN. In this study, the degradation rate of MLN and the rate constant of H(2)O(2) formation were used to evaluate the oxidative sonochemical efficiency. It was shown that ultrasound efficiency was improved in the presence of nanoparticles of TiO(2) and SiO(2) only at 20 kHz. These particles provide nucleation sites for cavitation bubbles at their surface, leading to an increase in the number of bubbles when the liquid is irradiated by ultrasound, thereby enhancing sonochemical reaction yield. In the case of TiO(2), sonochemical efficiency was found to be greater than with SiO(2) for the same mass introduced. In addition to the increase in the number of cavitation bubbles, activated species may be formed at the TiO(2) surface that promote the formation of H(2)O(2) and the decomposition of MLN.
The degradation of an ionic liquid: hexyl methyl imidazolium chloride (HMImCl) in the systems of simulated solar light/ZnO and simulated solar light/ZnO/oxidant (i.e., H 2 O 2 and S 2 O 8 2− ) were investigated in aqueous solution.The influences of different variables such as catalyst concentration, hydrogen peroxide, and persulfate dosage on HMImCl photocatalytic degradation were determined. It was found that the adsorption of HMImCl on the catalyst surface was insignificant. The photocatalytic degradation of HMImCl followed pseudo first-order kinetics, and the rate constant at natural pH (pH 7.2) was 11.8 × 10 −2 min −1 . The addition of hydrogen peroxide to the process not only does not enhance the degradation rate of HMImCl but also decreases k app significantly with [HMImCl] = 3×10 −5 mol L −1 , oxidant concentration (in the range of 5 × 10 −5 -10 −1 mol L −1 ), and catalyst concentration of 1 g L −1 . The results elucidated that the use of Na 2 S 2 O 8 (in the range of 10 −4 -10 −2 mol L −1 ) strongly enhances the degradation rate of HMImCl compared with photocatalytic process of the catalyst.
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