The study focused on two important sites containing many caves sites located in the west of Al Anbar Governorate. The first site is Um El-Githoaa cavity in Hit region, a cave or trunks was chosen to show the aesthetic of this cave in terms of its shape and dimensions. The maximum diameter is 22.1m, while the perpendicular diameter is 18.5m. It is a dome shape and the height of its roof reaches about 2m located in the stratigraphic sequence falls within the massive gypsum, Fatha Formation (Middle Miocene). Geoelectrical exploration was chosen on the southern side of the cave to check whether the sinkholes scattered in the area are connected to subsurface caves or not. Using a Dipole-dipole array was chosen along a traverse, shown there are three sub-surface caves. This indicates that these phenomena are widespread in the region. The second location is Haditha, Barwana Village which was chosen to study where the cave is located in unconformity breccia zone between Anah Formation (Upper Oligocene- Lower Miocene) and Euphrates Formation (Lower Miocene- Middle Miocene). Barwana cave extends to the north 30 m and then tends to the west extend about 1 km within fragile breccia layer with incoherent components and ends with a small opening at the Euphrates River. This phenomenon was not present in the hard gypsum rocks in the Hit region, it was observed to have a large oval shape
Thermal maturity and petroleum generation capacity of the source rocks of Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy Formation were studied and evaluated via modeling the thermal maturation of ten wells in this study by using the Arrhenius equation for chemical reactions or (time-temperature index of thermal maturation). A thermal maturation map of the Sulaiy Formation shows that it a high maturity level increasing eastward; also, the geochemical analysis indicated suitable organic content in quantity and quality to generate hydrocarbons. The onset of oil migration from the Sulaiy Formation is calculated by this study to be at the end of Lower Eocene time (53 million years ago), and as it is a late hydrocarbon generation and migration; thus indicating mainly vertical migration paths. According to quantitative estimation, the oil generated and migrated vertically from the Sulaiy Formation towards the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs in southern Iraq estimated at 42.6 x 109 bbl. This study elevated the status of the Sulaiy Formation to a major source of oil tapped in the Lower Cetaceous reservoirs of southern Iraq.
The Upper Oligocene -Middle Miocene succession in Wadi Heglan, western Iraq was carried out to study microfacies and paleoenvironment. The Anah and Euphrates formations are exposed in this section. Anah Formation consists of massive, coralline, and dolomitic limestone, while the Euphrates Formation consists of massive and become well bedded upwards, obvious porous, marly, and dolomitic limestone. The abundance of benthic foraminifera and other fossils within these facies, the appropriate paleoenvironment for the Anah and Euphrates formations were determined. The reef and back-reef environments are recognized Anah Formation and the restricted to open marine environments are recognized Euphrates Formation. The Anah Formation exposed in this section by long episode of high stand trace (HST) which represent fall sea level of back-reef facies, while Euphrates Formation was deposited during three fourth-order cycles (A, B, and C), these cycles represent a succession episode of sea level rises (TST) and stillstands (HST). These sequences are bounded by two type-1 sequence boundary SB1. The area of study show very low rate of subsidence according to sequence development and the main factors that affect the study area is the fluctuation of eustatic sea level..
The western desert of Iraq is characterized by a widespread karst phenomenon and caves. The study area is a site for the establishment of a primary school inAl- Haqlanighah village Haditha area, during leveling the land with a bulldozer, the ground collapsed, causing a hole with a diameter of up to two meters. Two-dimensional resistivity imaging has been applied to detect the depth and extent of the subsurface cave within carbonate rocks and along two cross-image lines in the array of Dipole-dipole and an electrode distance of 5 meters, each length of 105m. 2D Dipole-dipole imaging technique is obtained the inverse models which shows the resistivity variation between the anomalous of background resistivity of rocks and part of cavity is about 750:100 Ω.m. These models showed that the depth 11m at the cavity operator to the roof of cavity. While the actual depth at same location of this cavity measured of 11.35m approximately. The results of this study showed that the extension of the cave along the first track is 52 meters in a direction of west-east, 11 meters depth to the ceiling of the cave, 31-35 meters to the bottom of the cave. While the extension of this cave along the second track is 20 meters in a direction south-north, and the depth to the ceiling of the cave is 12 meters and 32-34 meters to the bottom of the cave. The stratigraphic succession of the study area, starting from bottom withAnah Formation, overlain by unconformity brecciated bed, ranging from 6 to 30m meters in thickness, followed by Euphrates Formation in the top. The unconformity layer is less cohesive than the rocks beneath and above it. So it was the best area for the caves to be formed as a result of dissolving its rocks by leaking rain water and groundwater. Therefore, it must be a pre-engineering preparation before starting any urban construction of the population in the study area or adjacent areas to avoid risks.
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