Summary The atomization of fuel is crucial in the combustion and emission of a gas turbine, and the fuel atomization is continuous without any cycles or strokes. However, to achieve a desired amount of combustion during this continuous process, fuel must be added and mixed with the high‐pressure air exiting the compressor in proper proportions. To make the engine as small and lightweight as possible is a constraint and requires the fuel injection, mixing, and combustion to occur within the smallest volume possible. In most cases, this is inefficient and less practicable. A major drawback is the requirement of high injection pressure with relatively small increase in flow rate. In recent years, research was conducted to improve fuel atomization in a gas turbine by using different novel approaches that were simpler, more adaptable, and efficient to enhance the atomization. However, most of these studies were in isolation without any comprehensive literature on recent trends. Therefore, this review attempts to give an insight on recent development of fuel atomization in a gas turbine. Particular emphasis was given to air‐, plasma‐, ultrasound‐, and supercritical fluid–assisted atomization techniques.

The adoption of biorenewable alternative fuel resources from biofuels (ethanol or biodiesel) has produced promising solutions to reduce some toxic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from gas turbine engines (GTEs). Despite the reduced hydrocarbon associated with adopting alternative bio-renewable fuel resources, GTE operations still emit toxic gases due to inefficient engine performance. In this study, we assess the impact of the integration of plasma combustion technology on a micro-GTE using biodiesel fuel from animal fat with the aim of addressing performance, fuel consumption, and GHG emission reduction limitations. Laboratory design, fabrication, assembly, testing, and results evaluation were conducted at Kuwait’s Public Authority for Applied Education and Training. The result indicates the lowest toxic emissions of sulfur, nitrogen oxide (NO), NO2, and CO were from the biodiesel blended fuels. The improved thermal efficiency of GTE biodiesel due to the volume of hydrogen plasma injected improves the engine’s overall combustion efficiency. Hence, this increases the compressor inlet and outlet firing temperature by 13.3 °C and 6.1 °C, respectively. The Plasma technology produced a thrust increment of 0.2 kgf for the highest loading condition, which significantly impacted horsepower and GTE engine efficiency and reduced the cost of fuel consumption.

Biodiesel is one of the more recent green fuel products in the world. It can be produced from several raw materials such as straight vegetable oils, animal fats, tallow, and waste cooking oils, and blended with diesel. Properties of biodiesel are different compared to fossil diesel in terms of production methods and emission levels released after combustion in an internal combustion engine. Kuwait consumes a huge amount of energy which is almost 8% to meet the increasing demand for electricity and water. Moreover, the use of electricity in the production of biodiesel increases energy use and cost of production. Kuwait is receiving an amount of solar irradiation ranging from 2050 kWh/m2 to 2100 kWh/m2. The present study is concerned with the evaluation of the potential to use solar energy to produce biodiesel from sheep fat waste as a raw material. An experimental test rig was set up for a single cylinder diesel engine in the laboratory, where a solar power system was used to assist the production process of biodiesel from tallow waste. The biodiesel is then blended with diesel at different volume percentages, such as graded as B20, B50, B75 and B100, respectively. The exhaust gases such as oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitric oxide and nitric dioxide where also analyzed. An optimum decrease in values of nitric oxide levels was observed at the load of 51%, 68%, 85% and 93% during the operation at blend of biodiesel B20, B50, B75 and B100, respectively. Nitric dioxide was decreased at the load of 51%, 68% and 85% during the operation using B20, B50 and B75, respectively. Optimum SFC was achieved at B20, B50 and B75 during high loads of 85% and 93%. It can be concluded that sheep tallow biodiesel shows a promising result in terms of fuel consumption and environmental emissions of greenhouse gases.

One of the common methods of reducing or eliminating the emulsion is the use of different chemical demulsifiers depending on the type of crude oil and water cut. This method is widely used in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) at wellheads and gathering centers (GC). However, some wells have practice increases of demulsifier dosage as a result of increase in water content. Consequentiality, KOC initiated a program for optimization of chemical consumption for water/oil emulsion separation in the surface facilities at West Kuwait. As a result, of one year oil field statistical analysis of crude oil emulsion collected data. The results indicate that there are four oil wells of a different physical property could be very helpful for our study. Such properties include emulsion viscosity, size of water droplets, surface active materials, resin to asphaltene ratio (R/As), emulsion temperature. Over and above the demulsifier efficiency and dosages were evaluating using the calculated emulsion separation index (ESI) and interfacial tension measurement. As a result the oil field laboratory test indicates that the viscosity of emulsion increases to at least from 12 to17% of its original value based on dry condition. The average droplet size distribution near to (1-10) m was highly effect on emulsion stability. Moreover the emulsion behavior was linked closely to the film form around the water droplets that are believed to result from the adsorption of high-molecularweight polar molecules (asphaltene) and fine inorganic solids. There surface-active behavior that makes them good emulsifiers. Also it was found there are a consistent relationship between emulsion stability and relative resin to asphaltene content R/As for all four of the field samples under study. The crude oil of high emulsified water, near 30%, contains low (R/As, 0.84). However, as resins to asphaltene ratio increased the emulsion become unstable and emulsified water decrease up 9 %. This relationship could be used as the method to indicate the more likely oil field areas of strong emulsions and the suitable practical methods for treatment. Also from the well head operating conditions collected data; emulsion temperature, well head pressure, salinity of emulsified water and IFT. From the laboratory bottle test and oilfield crude oil emulsions data. The demulsifiers dosage was predicted using the proposed empirical model. In addition it could be used as a good tool for the new or the incumbent demulsifier evaluation. stabilized by an emulsifying agent, resins, asphaltenes, and finely divided inorganic solids (Kenneth 1988;Elsharkawy et al. 2008). The dispersion of the first immiscible phase droplets into the other phase will increase the interfacial surface area and hence a greater interfacial free energy in the system (Pilehvari et al. 1988, Benayoune 1998, Guo et al. 2006. One of the early emulsion nature observations was conducted by Finga (1995), who characterized emulsions into three major categories namely; Stable, Meso-stable and Unstable, depending on the physi...

Jet engines are commonly used in aeronautical applications, and are one of the types of gas turbine engines. The circulation of air releases heat energy to expand the volume of hot fluids and impact the turbine wheel to generate power of hot gases. The present study investigates the potential of using ultrasonic atomization technology to assist in the combustion process. An experimental rig was set up to determine the performance of jet engines using ultrasonic droplets. A gas analyzer was used to measure various greenhouse emissions of exhaust gas. The performance of the engine was tested under three load levels (high, medium, low), starting from 10 psi at a steady state, to the minimum value. A significant result was tested for a low value of nitrogen monoxide at the three levels of load, and a specific result was tested for an efficiency value of 2% at the three levels of load. Carbon dioxide was found to decrease at the low load level. The use of an ultrasonic atomization device to assist in the combustion process was useful in achieving engine efficiency of 1% and a reduction of 25% in carbon dioxide exhaust gas.