Background: Commonly used dosage protocols for antimicrobial agents may alter the rate of gastric emptying. Hypothesis: Parenteral administration of erythromycin increases and gentamicin decreases the rate of abomasal emptying. Animals: Five male Holstein-Friesian calves (8-15 days of age). Methods: Calves received each of the following 4 IM treatments in random order: control, 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl; erythromycin, 8.8 mg/kg; low-dose gentamicin, 4.4 mg/kg; high-dose gentamicin, 6.6 mg/kg. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by acetaminophen and glucose absorption. Calves were fed 2 L of cow's milk containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg body weight) 30 minutes after each treatment was administered, and jugular venous blood samples were obtained periodically after suckling. The maximum observed plasma acetaminophen concentration (actual C max ) and time of actual C max (actual T max ) were determined, and pharmacokinetic modeling was used to calculate model C max and model T max .Results: Erythromycin increased abomasal emptying rate, as indicated by a shorter time to actual T max and model T max (P o .05). Abomasal emptying rate after injection of low-dose gentamicin was similar to that of control. Administration of high-dose gentamicin resulted in a longer time to actual T max (P 5 .021) but did not change model T max (P 5 .62).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: IM injection of erythromycin increased abomasal emptying rate in dairy calves, whereas low-dose and high-dose gentamicin did not alter the rate of abomasal emptying as measured by acetaminophen kinetics and glucose absorption. The clinical relevance of these findings remains to be determined.
Background and Aim: Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that are known to cause respiratory tract infections in humans. SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of this family initiated in late 2019 and its related disease is known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia and shortness of breath. Methods & Materials: In This narrative review a literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Google Scholar and PubMed to find studies published from December 2019 to May 10 2020 on the role the extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Ethical Considerations: Ethical issues (including plagiarism, misconduct, data fabrication, falsification, double publication or submission, redundancy) have been completely observed by the authors. Results: In addition to respiratory symptoms, involvement of various organs such as gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, skin, olfactory system, cardiovascular system, liver, kidney, and eyes was also reported. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 included anosmia, ageusia, skin rash, chickenpox-like blisters, acute cardiac failure with increased troponin levels, kidney inflammation and edema, common gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g. diarrhea, nausea and vomiting), elevated liver enzyme levels, neurological disorders (e.g. stroke), nonspecific symptoms (e.g. headache and dizziness), and decreased consciousness level. Conclusion: The hypothetical mechanisms of various organ involvements during COVID-19 include immune-mediated inflammation such as cytokine storm, respiratory dysfunction, hypoxemia, cellular damage, or combination of these mechanisms. Further studies should be conducted on the causes of various COVID-19-induced damages to determine the exact relationship between the pathogenesis, prognosis and severity of the disease.
From the very beginning of its revelation, the Qur'an has always been considered by Muslims and non-Muslims due to its important place in Islam. For this reason, from the beginning of the descent until today, it has always been the subject of discussion among scientists and researchers around the world Orientalists, who have always considered the Qur'an as a book born of the thoughts of the Prophet (PBUH), have criticized the Qur'an by expressing the flaws and inadequacies that they see in the Qur'an. Most of the Orientalists' material on the miracle of the Qur'an is related to the literary miracle, which has raised doubts about the eloquence and rhetoric of the Qur'an, as well as the contradictions in the Qur'anic expressions. One of these problems is the discussion of the literary miracle of the Qur'an. Orientalists by expressing such things as dry and unpolished prose; Repetition of stories and phrases; The confusion and lack of thematic connection between the verses of these cases has been considered as a reason for the lack of literary miracle of the Qur'an. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical method, while responding to the criticisms and problems of Orientalists, it has been proved for various reasons that it is one of the most important miraculous aspects of the Qur'an from a literary point of view. And all the issues raised by Orientalists are due to the lack of accurate translation and unfamiliarity with the culture of the Qur'an, as well as the lack of attention to the specific system of verses and verses of the Qur'an.
Reluctance means forcing a person to do or leave something he hates. This research seeks to answer the question that what do the verses and narrations have about the task? In other words, what are the Quranic documents and the narration of the task? The method of collecting materials in this research is library and the research method is descriptive and analytical. In many verses, especially verse 106 of Surah An-Nahl, the Qur'an refers to the discussion of relieving one's duty reluctantly, due to the revelation of this verse. When the infidels forced some people like Ammar to say blasphemous words, he also uttered those words in order to save his life. Say the same words. It is understood from this verse that in cases of reluctance, there will be no obligation on individuals. Some narrations also discuss "relieving a duty with reluctance", including "the hadith of relieving"(The Messenger of God (s) said: Raise her from her nation to expand her line and mankind, and do not thank her for her and Recitation: The Prophet said: 9 things have been taken away from my ummah and they will not be punished for it: 1- Error; 2- Forgetfulness, 3- Work that is done reluctantly, etc.) which in this narration the Prophet (PBUH) has abolished the penal effects in case of special circumstances. In addition to verses and hadiths, jurisprudence and reason also rule out the obligation if there is reluctance. Therefore, verses and hadiths have considered the obligation in conditions of reluctance to be abrogated and the person in case of doing something reluctantly; Will not be punished.
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