Background. In Indonesia, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus has become endemic in poultry and has caused sporadic deadly infections in human. Since 2012, we have conducted fixed-point surveillance of avian influenza viruses at a live-poultry market in East Java, Indonesia. In this study, we examined the seroprevalence of avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infection among market workers.Methods. Sera were collected from 101 workers in early 2014 and examined for antibody activity against avian A(H5N1) Eurasian lineage virus by a hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay.Results. By the HI assay, 84% of the sera tested positive for antibody activity against the avian virus. Further analysis revealed that the average HI titer in 2014 was 2.9-fold higher than in 2012 and that seroconversion occurred in 44% of paired sera (11 of 25) between 2012 and 2014. A medical history survey was performed in 2016; responses to questionnaires indicated that none of workers had had severe acute respiratory illness during 2013.Conclusions. This study provides evidence of a high prevalence of avian A(H5N1) virus infection in 2013 among workers at a live-poultry market. However, because no instances of hospitalizations were reported, we can conclude the virus did not manifest any clinical symptoms in workers.
Background: Child development is an individualized, dynamic, and complex process. Screening for developmental delays in children is challenging. Parents have important roles in recognizing developmental delays in children, hence parent-completed questionnaire is a feasible option to screen for any developmental delays. The objective of this study is to analyze the items of Indonesian PEDS in 0-3 years old children as a screening tool for their development and behavior. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in Surabaya from August to September 2020. The questionnaire was distributed to mothers whose children were 0-3 years old. The item discrimination analysis was grouped into 0-17 months and 18-36 months. A point-biserial correlation test was carried out with a minimum significant correlation coefficient was 0.3 and a p-value <0.05. Results: A total of 92 mothers were enrolled in this study. Forty mothers were included in the 0-17 months group and 52 mothers in the 18-36 months group. There were four significant aspects of child development in the 0–17-month group, yet only expressive language and articulation had a strong correlation coefficient. While in the 18–36-month group, global/cognitive and social-emotional had a strong correlation coefficient. The other aspects had a correlation coefficient of > 0.3 (p<0.05) in both groups. Conclusion: The Indonesian PEDS is a potential developmental screening tool for Indonesian children aged 0-3 years old.
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