Background The prognosis of left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) remains elusive despite its recognition as a clinical entity for >30 years. We sought to identify clinical and imaging characteristics and risk factors for mortality in patients with LVNC. Methods and Results 339 adults with LVNC seen between 2000 and 2016 were identified. LVNC was defined as end‐systolic noncompacted to compacted myocardial ratio >2 (Jenni criteria) and end‐diastolic trough of trabeculation‐to‐epicardium (X):peak of trabeculation‐to‐epicardium (Y) ratio <0.5 (Chin criteria) by echocardiography; and end‐diastolic noncompacted:compacted ratio >2.3 (Petersen criteria) by magnetic resonance imaging. Median age was 47.4 years, and 46% of patients were female. Left ventricular ejection fraction <50% was present in 57% of patients and isolated apical noncompaction in 48%. During a median follow‐up of 6.3 years, 59 patients died. On multivariable Cox regression analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02–1.06), left ventricular ejection fraction <50% (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.17–4.80), and noncompaction extending from the apex to the mid or basal segments (HR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.21–3.68) were associated with all‐cause mortality. Compared with the expected survival for age‐ and sex‐matched US population, patients with LVNC had reduced overall survival ( P <0.001). However, patients with LVNC with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and patients with isolated apical noncompaction had similar survival to the general population. Conclusions Overall survival is reduced in patients with LVNC compared with the expected survival of age‐ and sex‐matched US population. However, survival rate in those with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and isolated apical noncompaction was comparable with that of the general population.

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Studies evaluating fish consumption and cardiovascular disease events have shown inconsistent results. We performed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications from an extensive query of Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Web of Science from database inception to September 2020 for observational studies that reported the association between fish consumption and cardiovascular disease events. We identified and reviewed 24 studies related to fish consumption and the effect on cardiovascular outcomes. The study population included a total of 714,526 individuals and multiple cohorts from several countries. We found that nonfried fish consumption is probably associated with a reduced risk of overall cardiovascular disease events and myocardial infarction risk. In contrast, fried fish consumption is probably associated with an increased risk of overall cardiovascular disease events and myocardial infarction risk. No studies to date have shown any significant association between fish consumption and stroke. Our analysis suggests that fish consumption may reduce cardiovascular disease events, but fried fish consumption was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.

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Conclusion PEF provides a novel, safe method for non-thermal acute modulation of the Purkinje fibers without significant injury to the underlying myocardium. Future optimization of this energy delivery is required to optimize conditions so that selective electroporation can be utilized in humans the treatment of cardiac disease.