Objectives: To find out the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional study involving 300 patients of type 2 diabetes. Clinical history, relevant examination including fundoscopy and lab investigations were done. Data was analysed with SPSS 17.0. T-test and chi square/Fischer exact were applied to determine significance. Results: Mean age of the patients was 49.04 ± 0.69 years with slight female predominance with male to female ratio of 3:4. Average duration of disease was 7.17 ± 0.38 years. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed in (74, 23.9%). Mean HbA1c was 8.15% in patients with retinopathy and 8.884% in those who had no retinopathy (p=0.08). However, duration of DM, age of patients, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria were significantly associated with the development of retinopathy. Conclusions: Diabetic retinopathy was found in 23.9% of type 2 diabetics. It was associated with duration of disease, age at presentation, male gender, high total cholesterol, high LDL and microalbuminuria. A single high level of HbA1c was not associated with retinopathy.
Introduction: Acute diarrhea is defined as passage of three or more stools in a day, of consistency softer than usual for thechild, or one watery stool. Acute diarrhea is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. It accounts for approximately25% of total admissions in children ward and causes mortality of 5-10% in community. As dehydration is the main complication of diarrhea,treatment focuses upon rehydration through fluid replacement. Oral Rehydration solution (ORS) is the recommended treatment in children withacute diarrhea and some dehydration. Now WHO has recommended Low Osmolarity ORS which contains less sodium and glucose thanstandard ORS. One of the side effect of use of ORS solution with reduced sodium level is the development of hyponatremia ( i.e. serum sodiumlevel less than 130 meq/L) in some of children with acute diarrhea and results in adverse clinical events. Objective: To determine thefrequency of hyponatremia in children taking low osmolarity ORS for management of acute diarrhea with some dehydration. Study design:Descriptive case series. Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Department of Pediatrics, Children ward-2 Bahawal VictoriaHospital Bahawal Pur and Department of Pathology Quaid-e-Azam medical college Bahawal Pur from 7th August 2010 to 22nd September2010. Subjects and methods: Total 32 children with age between 3 months to 60 months with acute diarrhoea and some dehydration withnormal initial serum sodium were included. An informed consent was taken from the parents to include their children in the study. Proforma wasfilled at the time of admission and after 4 hours. Blood sample was taken to measure serum sodium level. Criteria of hyponatreima was serumsodium level below 130 meq/l after giving low osmolarity ORS at a dose of 75 ml/kg to drink. Results: A total of 32 children with acute diarrheawere included in study with age ranging from 3 months to 60 months. Male to female ratio was 1.1:1. Hyponatremia was seen in 2 (6.3%) ofpatients. Conclusions: The risk of hyponatremia in patients treated with the low osmolarity ORS was minimal.
Objective: To know the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children admitted in Pediatric ward of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Study design: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and duration of study: Pediatric unit-1 Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur over a period of 2 months and 15 days. Material and methods: This study was conducted over 500 children admitted in children ward-1 of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. Children of 1-15 years of age were included in the study. The blood samples of these children were taken at the time of admission and serum was tested for HCV with ICT method and later on confirmed by ELISA. Children having HCV infection were tested for SGPT level. Different risk factors for transmission of HCV infection were also studied. Results: Out of 500 children 43 were HCV positive by ICT method. Out of these 43 ICT positive children 38 were confirmed by ELISA. In this way 7.6% children were found positive for HCV. In 23 cases (60.5%) SGPT was raised (>40). Statistically significant risk factors for transmission of HCV infection found in this study were past history of blood transfusion and history of injections in past. Conclusions: HCV infection is quite common in children. Safe blood transfusions and use of disposable and sterilized syringes is important for prevention of this infection.
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