This paper investigates the GENSIS air spring suspension system equivalence to a passive suspension system. The SIMULINK simulation together with the OptiY optimization is used to obtain the air spring suspension model equivalent to passive suspension system, where the car body response difference from both systems with the same road profile inputs is used as the objective function for optimization (OptiY program). The parameters of air spring system such as initial pressure, volume of bag, length of surge pipe, diameter of surge pipe, and volume of reservoir are obtained from optimization. The simulation results show that the air spring suspension equivalent system can produce responses very close to the passive suspension system.

This paper discussed the effect of welding variables on the heat-affected zone (HAZ) by using a tensile test of welded 10 mm thick low carbon steel AISI1010 commercial plate, which is welded using the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) method. Different welding electrodes E6013 and E7018 were considered as welding parameters investigated. After that, the welded specimens were cut and machined to standard configurations for tensile test. The results showed that selecting different welding electrodes had a remarkable effect on the mechanical properties such as the ultimate tensile strength, elongation percentage, and yield strength of the welded specimens. The increment in the electrical current for each electrode in the welding processes led to decrease in yield strength and tensile strength. The initial decrease in tensile strength and yield strengths were observed. This behavior was attributed to the fact that different welding electrodes and increased the required electrical current to melting for the welding electrode, increased the electrical current led to increased heat input on heat affected zone (HAZ), then the observed change mechanical properties [which could create area for defect. The welding processes and tensile test at a room temperature was performed

The functionally graded beam is a wide field of research, which attracts great interest today in the field of engineering, science, and medicine society. This type of beam is made from functionally graded material that is characterized by several properties one of them is the high strength to weight ratio. In the current years, this beam has witnessed great developments in the mechanism of its composition and the materials used in its manufacture. This research provides an overview of the properties, types, advantages and challenges, and applications of the functionally graded materials. In addition, this paper review provides a summary of the analysis of bending and buckling that occurs on the functionally graded beam with and without crack effect from (2008-2021) year. Through this review, the following was noted: Firstly, a small number of researchers have worked experimentally, and the properties of a beam in most of the research are gradual towards thickness using the mixing rule. Secondly, the crack has a very severe effect on the behavior of both bending and buckling for the graded beam. This critical review can be considered a milestone in future analyzes of the graded beam and is also beneficial to designers and researchers working in this field.

This paper presents the effect of fiber orientation angle on the stress intensity factor SIF for carbon epoxy composite plates with single-edge, center, and inclined cracks of varying lengths under tensile load. The stress intensity factor and shape factor were calculated individually for each case, with nine different fiber orientation angles computed using the extended finite element method XFEM concepts. It is found the stress intensity factor increases with increasing crack lengths while the shape factor decreases. In the case of single edge cracks, the SIF increases in the average value reached (173 %) for composite plates with different fiber orientation angles, while in the case of the center crack, the average value of SIF reaches (81 %). It was observed in this study that the increases in stress intensity factor and the decreases in the shape factor with different crack lengths were more stable in the composite plate with a fiber orientation angle of 75°. The higher values of SIF at an angle of 75° are because of the high probability of fiber slippage at 75° due to induced shear stresses in addition to the tensile stresses at the fiber-matrix interface. As a result, the crack tip has a high-stress intensity factor.

Different types of steel specimens were tested using low cycle torsional fatigue tests to evaluate the torsional behavior. During previous years many authors have developed empirical relationships related to stress amplitude with the life of failure in many types of steel materials. Studies continue to find the best experimental relationships for different subjects. In this study two main problems were considered: torsional fatigue study and comparing the behavior of different steel materials under the influence of torsional fatigue. The effect of temperature on the properties of these substances was also studied. A comparison and evaluation of torsional fatigue for different types of steel were found in this study. Three groups of steel specimen were selected for the present investigation, these included low carbon steel AISI 1020, stainless steel AISI 316L, and cold worked stainless steel AISI 304H. The tests were carried out for each group of the steel specimen using a fatigue machine under fully reversed low cycle at ambient temperature and 100 °C. The temperature range was chosen from room temperature to 100° C because the low carbon steel AISI 1020 material showed high ductility above 100 °C. The shear strain amplitude applied was selected between the max. and min. values of 0.18 and 0.02 respectively. A comparison was carried out between the three steel groups at ambient temperature, it was noticed that the ratio of life to failure for both AISI steels 316L and AISI 304H with respect to AISI 1020 showed an increase of 4 and 2.3 times respectively. Also, the ratio of life to failure showed an increase of 4 and 3.5 times respectively at 100 °C. That is mean the ratio of life to failure for AISI steel 316L with respect to AISI 1020 has no effect with the temperature change because their cycles of life have been affected in the same manner. AISI 304H showed a good withstand to the temperature change because the ratio of life to failure with respect to AISI 1020 has been increased.