Water stress has become one of the foremost constraints to agricultural development, mostly in areas that are deficient in water. A field trial has been conducted to evaluate the performance of different twenty wheat genotypes under three stress treatments viz., control (T0) = normal watering, stress-1 (T1) = water stress from tillering up to maturity, and stress-2 (T2) = water stress from anthesis to maturity were used as treatments. The results revealed that a highly significant (p < 0.01) difference was observed among twenty wheat cultivars for morpho-physiological traits except for several tillers plant−1, spikeletspike−1, and relative water content. In the early days, 50% flowering was noted in Anmole-91 (64.33 days) under (T0), while Anmol-91 showed a relative decrease (RD-1) (−2.34 days) at days 50% flowering in (T1). The TJ-83 genotype showed an early response (−8.34 day) at days to 50% flowering under stress-2 (T2), but TD-I (−3.34) was observed to be relatively tolerant. Underwater stress from tillering to maturity (T1) SKD-1 was found more susceptible (−36.7 days) than other cultivars. Wheat cultivar Soghat-90 showed maximum RD-1 (−24.7) for grain yield plant−1 in stress-1 (T1) from tillering to maturity. Anmole-91, NIA-Sarang, and TD-I observed minimum was (−6) in the same water stress for various traits. Therefore, the findings of present work revealed that the best performing genotypes can be recommended for effective cultivation in future breeding programs.
The high density of buildings and roads are commonly associated with the Central Business District (CBD) of a metropolitan and multicultural city Karachi, Pakistan. It is the highly interactive place of a metropolis, therefore, considers functionally effective zones. This paper will prove even with a high rate of urbanization and expansion due to urban sprawl, still Saddar is the focus of attraction concerning several facts. The main objectives of the study were to explore the land-based cataloging of Saddar based on activity and to assess the environmental issues which are associated with this land use classification for the sustainability of CBD the people perception methods of identification of research, Land-use (LU) Analysis of Area of Interest (AOI) via, questionnaire-based surveying, and geo-coding of activities methods have been used in this study. The obtained results revealed that Saddar town covers land use approximately, 4.28% Leisure, 9.38% Shopping, Business or Trade, 7.9% Social, Institutional, or Infrastructure Related, 4.62% Mass Assembly of People, 6.37% Industrial, Manufacturing, and Waste Related, while 5.68% Traveler Movement,5.9% Natural Resource Related,52.40% Residential,3.4% No Human Activity or Unclassified. Approximately, 44.2% of the land use was engaged in capita producing activities, which reflects CBD’s functional strength. Overall, it recommended that there should be more green spaces in the CBD to improve air quality. Vertical urban gardening/forest can be implemented as Saddar has limited space and it is a concrete jungle having very less open space.
Rapid urbanization is not only an issue in plain areas but also in mountainous regions. However, urbanization affects the socio-ecological pattern of mountainous regions especially depleting natural resources, e.g., traditional agricultural practices. Although urban sprawl impinges on such fertile productive lands, it also positively affects trade activities, and high-income opportunities, and the region will have high spatial interaction. This paper presents the results of an attempt to gain insight into the mechanisms for the urban growth of district Chitral (Chitral Town) located in the Hindu Kush range north of KPK Pakistan. Over the last few decades, the urban agglomeration has become attractive among migrants from within and beyond the district, further accelerating urban growth in the surrounding area. The landscape transformation phenomenon in Chitral town was investigated with the following objectives: (i) Detection of spatiotemporal change in the study area over the last two decades, (ii) identification of existing landscape patterns i.e. land-use assessment by analysing the acquired high-resolution remote satellite imageries for the years 2003 and 2020, (iii) empirical analysis of data within the framework of an object-based approach. Land-use transformations like spatiotemporal change, loss of agriculture, and infrastructure patterns of urban growth were estimated for the past 17 years. This study revealed that the agricultural Land use has declined by 348 m2 while the Built-up area has increased by 318 m2. The research offers practical recommendations for sustainable town planning and management. As such, this study has the potential to propose future strategies and it may be helpful to the policy/decision-makers in the development of future town planning in the similar mountainous regions of Pakistan or elsewhere.
The well-known fact is that parks play a significant role in sustaining the urban environment. Megacities like Karachi are developing rapidly with a simultaneous increase in the city area, putting immense pressure on open green spaces. The widespread built-up development is replacing the previously existing vegetative cover. The lack of green spaces is the main concern, and this problem will only worsen due to overpopulation associated with the rapid growth of cities. The lack of evidence-based planning contributes to the unbalanced spatial distribution of parks in quantity and quality. The present research aimed to compare and find out the quality and status of parks such as park areas under encroachment and temporal changes in the vegetative cover of parks in the predominantly low to middle-income residential areas of New Karachi and North Karachi Towns of Karachi metropolitan. Geospatial techniques have been used for mapping, assessments, and analyses. Results indicate that boundary walls are a good solution to stop or reduce park encroachments as correlation indicates the parks with boundary walls have a significantly lower percentage of encroachment in 2022. The existing work indicated that the number of trees has increased in most parks in both towns in 2022. The overall correlation results indicate that factors affecting park quality positively have a positive association with other positively affecting factors and a negative association with factors that affect park quality negatively. There is a dire need to implement better planning strategies to enhance the quality of existing parks and construct new parks in the study area.
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