Morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF) are due not only to abnormal epithelial cell function, but also to an abnormal immune response. We have shown previously that macrophages lacking CFTR, the gene mutated in CF, contribute significantly to the hyper-inflammatory response observed in CF. Here we show for the first time that lack of functional CFTR in murine macrophages causes abnormal Toll like receptor (TLR) 4 subcellular localization. Upon LPS stimulation, CFTR macrophages have prolonged TLR4 retention in the early endosome and reduced translocation into the lysosomal compartment. This abnormal TLR4 trafficking leads to increased LPS-induced activation of the NF-kB, MAPK and IRF-3 pathways, and to decreased TLR4 degradation, which affects downregulation of the proinflammatory state. In addition to primary murine cells, mononuclear cells isolated from CF patients demonstrate similar defects in response to LPS. Moreover, specific inhibition of CFTR function induces abnormal TLR4 trafficking and enhances the inflammatory response of wildtype murine cells to LPS. Thus, functional CFTR in macrophages influences the physiological TLR4 spatial and temporal localization and perturbs LPS-mediated signaling in both murine CF models and patients with CF.
Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease that often requires otolaryngology care. Individuals with CF commonly have chronic rhinosinusitis but also present with hearing loss and dysphonia. Given these manifestations of CF, otolaryngologists are frequently involved in the care of patients with CF; however, there is limited consensus on optimal management of sinonasal, otologic, and laryngologic symptoms. Methods:The Cystic Fibrosis Foundation convened a multidisciplinary team of otolaryngologists, pulmonologists, audiologists, pharmacists, a social worker, a nurse coordinator, a respiratory therapist, two adults with CF, and a caregiver of a child with CF to develop consensus recommendations. Workgroups developed draft recommendation statements based on a systematic literature review, and a ≥80% consensus was required for acceptance of each recommendation statement. Results:The committee voted on 25 statements. Eleven statements were adopted recommending a treatment or intervention, while five statements were formulated recommending against a specific treatment or intervention. The committee recommended eight statements as an option for select patients in certain circumstances, and one statement did not reach consensus. Conclusion: These multidisciplinary consensus recommendations will help providers navigate decisions related to otolaryngology consultation, medical and surgical management of CF-CRS, hearing, and voice in individuals with CF. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach is advocated to best care for our patients with CF. Future clinical research is needed utilizing standardized, validated outcomes with comprehensive reporting of patient outcome, effects of modulator therapies, and genetic characteristics to help continue to advance care, decrease morbidity, and improve the quality of life for individuals with CF.
Cystic Fibrosis (CF), a common lethal inherited disorder defined by ion transport abnormalities, chronic infection and robust inflammation, is the result of mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, a cAMP-activated chloride (Cl−) channel. Macrophages are reported to have impaired activity in CF. Previous studies suggest that Cl− transport is important for macrophage function therefore impaired Cl− secretion may underlie CF macrophage dysfunction. To determine if alterations in Cl− transport exist in CF macrophages, Cl− efflux was measured using N-[ethoxycarbonylmethyl]-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE), a fluorescent indicator dye. The contribution of CFTR was assessed by calculating Cl− flux in the presence and absence of cftrinh-172. The contribution of calcium (Ca2+) modulated Cl− pathways was assessed by examining Cl− flux with varied extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, or following treatment with carbachol or thapsigargin, agents that increase intracellular Ca2+ levels. Our data demonstrate that CFTR contributed to Cl− efflux only in WT macrophages, while Ca2+-mediated pathways contributed to Cl− transport in CF and WT macrophages. Furthermore, CF macrophages demonstrated augmented Cl− efflux with increases in extracellular Ca2+. Taken together, this suggests that Ca2+-mediated Cl− pathways are enhanced in CF macrophages compared to WT macrophages.
Newborn screening (NBS) for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) has revolutionized the diagnosis of this inherited disease. CF NBS goals are to identify, diagnose, and initiate early CF treatment to attain better health outcomes. Abnormal CF NBS infants require diagnostic analysis via sweat chloride testing (ST). During ST, insufficient sweat volume collection causes a “quantity not sufficient” (QNS) test result and may delay CF diagnosis. The CF Foundation recommends QNS rates <10% for infants <3 months, but many CF Centers experience difficulties meeting this standard. Our quality improvement (QI) study assessed infant and laboratory factors contributing to ST success and QNS rates from 2017–2019. Infants’ day of life (DOL) at successful ST completion was analyzed according to infant factors (birth weight (BW), gestational age, ethnicity, and sex). Laboratory factors and procedures affecting ST outcomes were also reviewed. At our institution, BW and gestational age were the infant factors found to significantly affect DOL at ST completion. ST education, reduced number of laboratory technicians, and direct observation during ST completion also improved ST success rates. This study supports QI measures and partnerships between CF centers and laboratory staff to identify and improve ST QNS rates while sustaining practices to ensure timely CF diagnostic testing.
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