The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of companies that voluntarily disclose carbon emissions and to examine the economic consequences of the carbon emissions’ disclosure. Companies used in the sample are oil, gas and coal companies in non-Annex 1 member countries registered in the Osiris database. The observation period was from the commencement of the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment to date, or from 2013 to 2016. Measuring the carbon emissions’ disclosure is achieved by using a checklist developed from an information request sheet from the CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project). An assessment of the extent of the disclosure is made using the content analysis method. Company characteristics are proxied with leverage, profitability and firm age, while the economic consequences are proxied by using bid-ask spreads, the trading volume and share price volatility. The data analysis method used in this research is the Partial Least Square (PLS) method using the WarpPLS 4.0 application. Test results show that leverage, profitability and firm age have a positive effect on the carbon emissions’ disclosure. Furthermore, the test results show that carbon emissions’ disclosures have a positive effect on the trading volume and a negative effect on the bid-ask spreads and share price volatility. The above findings imply that firms with higher leverage, higher profitability and are older are more willing to reveal their carbon emissions’ disclosures. The more information that is contained in a carbon emissions’ disclosure, the more investors are interested in trading that company's shares, while the broader the carbon emissions’ disclosure is, the smaller the bid-ask spread and the less volatile the stock price are.

The study results indicate the need to reformulate and improve HIV and AIDS-related services, including increasing the level of availability of HIV service points and the dissemination of knowledge and information about HIV and AIDS and condom use and making them accessible to both FSWs and their clients in Belu and Malaka districts.

In the digital world, millennial generation in Indonesia has an important role in moving the Indonesian economy forward, with the emergence of millennial entrepreneurs in the current digital era can help the problems of society such as unemployment problems in Indonesia, this is of course millennial entrepreneurship becomes an Indonesian economic power to more advanced. Technological developments in the current era of globalization provide an opportunity for millennials to be able to develop various technology-based businesses. Digital technology is becoming a necessity and a new lifestyle for the people whose utilization can be used as an opportunity to work in any field that is more productive, more creative, so that it can produce new innovations in building businesses or expanding existing ones. With the South Tangerang City Chamber of Commerce and Industry, it is hoped that there will be more opportunities for new entrepreneurs to start or expand their businesses. With various forms / types of products offered, it makes a very wide opportunity given by the South Tangerang City Chamber of Commerce and Industry to be able to work together in building a business that will be run. Products can be developed by utilizing social networks that can reach all levels of society (using market places) with good promotions and opinions, so they will get optimal results, so that reliable entrepreneurs can be created.

Abstract. Ambarwati A, Wahyuono S, Moeljopawiro S, Yuwono T. 2020. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces sp. CRB46 and the prediction of their bioactive compounds chemical structure. Biodiversitas 21: 3380-3390. The goal of the research was to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces sp. CRB46 and predict their chemical structure of the bioactive compounds based on the AntiSMASH analysis of the whole genome sequencing. Streptomyces sp. CRB46 was isolated from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizosphere in the Cemoro Sewu highland, Indonesia (1920 meters above sea level). The results showed that the supernatant ethyl acetate (EAS) extract could inhibit 11 of 12 tested microorganisms with a diameter of the inhibition zone ranging from 17-35 mm (paper disc method). The supernatant extract was found more effective in inhibiting microorganisms than the ethyl acetate extract of pellets (EAP). The EAP extract was only able to inhibit the growth of seven tested microorganisms (16-26 mm). The results of LCMS analysis showed that crude extract of EAS consisted of 20 mixtures of organic compounds. Based on FTIR analysis, 16 functional groups were found in the EAS extracts. In addition, based on AntiSMASH analysis, it was also found that Streptomyces sp. CRB46 produced eight classes of bioactive compounds, but only six compounds have been identified as their chemical structures. It can, therefore, be concluded that Streptomyces sp. CRB46 has the potential to produce bioactive compounds that can be used for microbial infection treatment.

The effectiveness of antibacteria substances from neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) to impede the growth of Salmonella thyposa and Staphylococcus aureus AMBARWATI ♥