Voluminous geoscientific data related to various ground‐water parameters provide enormous scope for using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to draw meaningful conclusions on the ground‐water propsects of an area. To demonstrate the efficacy of the GIS for ground‐water studies, information on the parameters controlling ground water such as lithology, geomorphology, structure, and recharge condition of West Godavari district were analyzed using ARC/INFO GIS. Existing maps and records were used as data. An evaluation of ground‐water potential and generation of a map showing three major hydrogeological conditions with distinct ground‐water prospects which would serve as a basic tool in the exploitation of ground‐water resources of the district has resulted. The study has also revealed that the GIS techniques are time/cost‐effective and can be employed successfully in the planning stages of a ground‐water exploration programme. In addition, the GIS data generated for the study of ground‐water prospects can be updated and used for the planning and management of ground‐water resources of the district.
A new lamivudine hydrate, namely, cis-4-amino-1-(2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one hemihydrate, C(8)H(11)N(3)O(3)S.0.5H(2)O, has been synthesized and structurally characterized by both powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The hemihydrate crystallizes in the Sohnke space group P2(1), with the asymmetric unit comprising four lamivudine and two water molecules. An extensive network of intermolecular hydrogen bonds involving both lamivudine and solvent water molecules generates a three-dimensional supramolecular architecture. The structural data and crystal packing of the present lamivudine hemihydrate are compared with those of other hydrated and anhydrous forms of lamivudine.
Three nimesulide derivatives, N-[4-(2,5-dioxo-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-phenoxyphenyl] methanesulfonamide (2), N-[4-(4-methanesulfonylamino-3-phenoxy phenylsulfamoyl) phenyl] acetamide (3), and 4-(4-methanesulfonylamino-3-phenoxyphenyl-carbamoyl)-butanoic acid (4), have been synthesized, and their crystal structures have been determined from laboratory powder X-ray diffraction data. The nature of intermolecular interactions in 2–4 has been analyzed through Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots and compared with that in the nimesulide polymorphs (1a and 1b). The crystal packing in 2–4 exhibits an interplay of N–H···O, O–H···O (in 4), C–H···O, and C–H···π (in 2) hydrogen bonds, which assemble molecules into a supramolecular framework. Hydrogen-bond based interactions in 2–4 have been complemented by calculating molecular electrostatic potential surfaces. In a competitive molecular recognition situation, the effectiveness of the -NH moiety as a hydrogen bond donor is comparable to that of the -COOH moiety in 4. Hirshfeld surface analyses of 2–4 as well as a few related nimesulide derivatives indicate that about 90% of the Hirshfeld surface areas in these compounds are due to H···H, C···H, and O···H contacts.
Maity, P. (2014). A coastal groundwater management model with Indian case study. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Water Management, 167 (3), 126-140. A coastal groundwater management model with Indian case study AbstractThe complexity of the hydrogeological setup in coastal areas calls for the adoption of scientific groundwater management techniques. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater in coastal zones will lead to depression of the water table, with associated hazards such as putting the well out of use, rendering abstraction uneconomic with increased lift. A sustained regional groundwater drawdown below sea level runs the risk of saline water intrusion, even for confined coastal aquifers. Uncontrolled groundwater development may lead to reversal of the freshwater gradient, thereby resulting in saline water ingress into coastal aquifers. There are, however, several established methodologies to control and minimise the problems associated with groundwater extraction followed by saline water intrusion. This study developed a convenient and easily implementable analytical model for coastal groundwater management aimed at the control of saltwater intrusion. The technique includes withdrawal of coastal freshwater by means of qanat-well structures associated with artificial recharge through rainwater harvesting aided by percolation ponds and recharge wells. The proposed methodology is suitable specifically for not highly urbanised coastal areas with significant annual precipitation, good hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer and a low depth of fresh groundwater. As a case study, the model is applied to a coastal zone of the Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Adequate quantifications of the efficiency of the methodology are incorporated and relevant conclusions are drawn. The complexity of the hydrogeological setup in coastal areas calls for the adoption of scientific groundwater management techniques. Excessive withdrawal of groundwater in coastal zones will lead to depression of the water table, with associated hazards such as putting the well out of use, rendering abstraction uneconomic with increased lift. A sustained regional groundwater drawdown below sea level runs the risk of saline water intrusion, even for confined coastal aquifers. Uncontrolled groundwater development may lead to reversal of the freshwater gradient, thereby resulting in saline water ingress into coastal aquifers. There are, however, several established methodologies to control and minimise the problems associated with groundwater extraction followed by saline water intrusion.This study developed a convenient and easily implementable analytical model for coastal groundwater management aimed at the control of saltwater intrusion. The technique includes withdrawal of coastal freshwater by means of qanat-well structures associated with artificial recharge through rainwater harvesting aided by percolation ponds and recharge wells. The proposed methodology is suitable specifically for not highly urbanised coast...
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