Suppression is a useful everyday skill leading to the clinically important outcome of forgetting. Suppression-induced forgetting, investigated with the think/no-think (TNT) paradigm, is typically demonstrated on direct tests of memory, even though indirect tests are often more ecologically valid. We report results from two TNT experiments terminating in indirect tests-tests that seem not to measure memory. For a subset of the participants in Experiment 1, latencies to rate word valence were delayed by flankers previously learned but not by flankers previously learned and then suppressed on 16 occasions. For a similar subset in Experiment 2, cue meaning denoted by free associations reflected the meaning established during learning, but less so when targets had been suppressed. These subsets showing suppression effects were students who did not describe themselves as ruminators. That ruminators failed to show "forgetting" on either test suggests that ruminative habits cannot be easily overcome by practicing suppression.
Ruminative tendencies to think repetitively about negative events, like retrieval practice in laboratory experiments, should enhance long-term recall. To evaluate this claim, ruminators and nonruminators learned positive, negative, and neutral adjective–noun pairs. Following each of four study phases, “practice” participants attempted cued recall of nouns from positive or negative pairs; study-only participants performed a filler task. Half the pairs of each valence were tested after the four learning cycles, and all pairs were tested a week later. Large practice effects were found on both tests, even though ruminators showed a trait-congruent bias in recalling unpracticed negative pairs on the immediate test. Positive practice also improved the moods of ruminators. Thus, repetitive positive retrieval shows promise in counteracting ruminative recall and its consequences.
Women veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) experience a myriad of traumatic stressors, including high rates of Military Sexual Trauma (MST). Furthermore, there is an upsurge in combat exposure, length and number of deployments, and/or perceived personal danger in these eras compared to women veterans of previous eras. These stressors can increase the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Women veterans with combat exposure and/or MST experience PTSD differently than civilian women or military men, and therefore may require tailored and integrative treatments. Interventions that focus on resiliency and posttraumatic growth (PTG) may help decrease symptom presentation, increase quality of life, and reduce the utilization/cost of care. Moreover, resiliency-based interventions could offer a recovery-oriented framework that reinforces positive psychology constructs that may promote growth following trauma. To investigate these concepts, we interviewed four women from the OEF/OIF/OND eras who have experienced MST and/or received a diagnosis of PTSD. We explored four major areas: experiences of life after military, impact of trauma on factors that influence resiliency, helpful and unhelpful interventions for trauma recovery, and the concepts of resiliency and posttraumatic growth. These women generally felt a sense of lost identity following trauma and in post-military life, and they expressed a desire for therapy groups to support and foster connections to women with similar experiences. We also observed that they had a general understanding of resilience but lacked in-depth knowledge as it could apply to trauma recovery and welcomed opportunities to learn these skills in group settings.
Natriuretic peptide levels are elevated in persons with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1–3, but it remains unclear whether this is associated with extracellular volume excess or early cardiovascular changes. We hypothesized that patients with CKD stages 1–3 would have evidence of cardiovascular changes, which would associate with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), amino-terminal-pro-BNP (NT-pro-BNP), and patient-reported symptoms.Outpatients with CKD stages 1–3 and non-CKD controls were enrolled. Cardiovascular parameters included extracellular water (ECW) normalized to body weight measured using whole-body multifrequency bioimpedance spectroscopy, and total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) and cardiac index measured by impedance cardiography. Dyspnea, fatigue, depression, and quality of life were quantified using questionnaires.Among 21 participants (13 with CKD), median (IQR) BNP was 47.0 (28.0–302.5) vs 19.0 (12.3–92.3) pg/mL, p=0.07, and NT-pro-BNP was 245.0 (52.0–976.8) vs 26.0 (14.5–225.8) pg/mL, p=0.08, in the CKD and control groups, respectively. Those with CKD had higher pulse pressure (79 (66–87) vs 64 (49–67) mm Hg, p=0.046) and TPRI (3721 (3283–4278) vs 2933 (2745–3198) dyn×s/cm5/m2, p=0.01) and lower cardiac index (2.28 (2.08–2.78) vs 3.08 (2.43–3.37) L/min/m2, p=0.02). In the overall cohort, natriuretic peptides correlated with pulse pressure (BNP r=0.59; NT-pro-BNP r=0.58), cardiac index (BNP r=−0.76; NT-pro-BNP r=−0.62), and TPRI (BNP r=0.48), p<0.05 for each, but not with ECW/weight. TPRI and blood pressure correlated moderately with symptoms.Elevated natriuretic peptides may coincide with low cardiac index and elevated peripheral resistance in patients with CKD stages 1–3. The role of these biomarkers to detect subclinical cardiovascular changes needs to be further explored.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.