Background Recognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic. Objectives To identify the responses of donkeys before and after surgical pain. Study design Prospective, short‐term longitudinal pre‐ and post‐intervention observations. Methods Forty adult donkeys underwent surgical castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaiphenesin/thiopental IV and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane and local anaesthetic blockade. Four hours after recovery from anaesthesia, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone 10 mg/kg and morphine 0.2 mg/kg IV were administered. Behavioural responses exhibited by the animals housed in individual stalls were recorded in four 30‐min videos: before castration (M0), and 3.5‐4.0 hours (M1), 5.5‐6.0 hours (M2) and 23.5‐24.0 hours after recovery from anaesthesia (M3). To exclude the influence of insects, the behaviour of six apparently pain‐free donkeys was compared with and without the presence of faeces and urine in the stall. Results When compared with presurgical baseline behaviours (M0), after surgery (M1) donkeys raised their pelvic limbs more (P = .003). When compared with M1, after analgesia (M2), the median frequencies of ear movements (44 vs 16; P < .001), head shaking (7 vs 1; P < .001), head turning (5 vs 0; P < .001) and lifting of the both limbs (7 vs 0; P = .008) decreased; feeding (0 vs 29; P < .001) and water intake (0 vs 0, range 0‐1 vs 0‐7; P = .05) increased. The dirty stall increased tail (53 vs 80; P = .03), head (16 vs 30; P = .03) and ear movements (50 vs 78; P = .04). Main limitations The dirty stall and presence of insects possibly contributed to the expression of behaviours unrelated to pain. Conclusion Lifting the pelvic limbs was the only specific pain behaviour after castration in donkeys. Analgesia restored appetite and water intake and reduced the frequency of head shaking and turning, ear movement and lifting the limbs. Tail, head and ear movements are unspecific responses related both to pain and a dirty stall, and are confounding factors when pain is assessed in donkeys in the presence of insects.

Pesq. Vet. Bras. 34(6):576-581, junho 2014 576 RESUMO.-A anestesia inalatória vem sendo amplamente difundida na medicina veterinária, no entanto seu uso em animais selvagens ainda é restrito, não sendo observado Determinação da concentração alveolar mínima do isofluorano em catetos (Tayassu tajacu)

RESUMOThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy. Sixteen healthy cats were distributed into two groups, with eight animals each, by means of a draw, in a preemptive group (PREG), in which the animal received ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) subcutaneously two hours before the surgery; and postsurgery group (POSG), in which ketoprofen (1 mg/kg) was administered subcutaneously immediately after surgery. In both groups, ketoprofen was given 24, 48 and 72 hours after the first adminstration. Heart and respiratory frequencies and glycemia were measured in all animals during the days first ten postsurgery. Analgesia was measured by assigning scores at zero, two, four, six, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 hours after the surgical procedure. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test to compare the moments and Student's t-test for comparison between groups. Pain scores were evaluated using test of UMann-Withney or Kruskall-Wallis, all at the 5% level of significance. Pain scores were significantly lower in PREG in M0, M6, M72, M96 and M120. No significant difference was found in the levels of glycemia in comparison to baseline values. Ketoprofen promotes postsurgery analgesia in female cats submitted to ovariohysterectomy and preemptive and postsurgery administration provides an earlier reduction of pain scores when compared to postoperative administration, only.Key words: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory; pain; feline. Dayvid Vianêis Farias de Efeito do cetoprofeno na analgesia preemptiva de gatas submetidas à ovário-histerectomiaObjetivou-se investigar o efeito do cetoprofeno na analgesia preemptiva em gatas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia. Foram utilizadas 16 gatas, hígidas, distribuídas em dois grupos, com oito animais cada, por meio de sorteio, em: grupo preemptiva (GPRE), no qual se administrou cetoprofeno (1 mg/kg), por via subcutânea, duas horas antes do início da cirurgia; e grupo pós-operatório (GPOS), em que foi administrado cetoprofeno (1 mg/kg), também por via subcutânea, imediatamente após a cirurgia. Em ambos os grupos, as demais administrações de cetoprofeno foram realizadas 24, 48 e 72 horas após a primeira. Em todos os animais foram mensurados, durante os primeiros dez dias pós-operatórios, as frequências cardíaca e respiratória e a glicemia. A analgesia foi mensurada por meio de atribuição de escores, zero, duas, quatro, seis, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 e 240 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico. Na análise estatística utilizou-se a Análise de Variância de dois fatores seguida pelo teste de Tukey para comparar os momentos e o teste t de Student para comparação entre grupos. Os escores de dor foram avaliados pelo teste U-Mann-Withney ou KruskallWallis, todos ao nível de 5% de significância. Os escores de dor foram significativamente menores no GPRE no M0, M6, 19Effect of the ketoprofen on the preemptive anal...

This report describes the radiographic findings in a case of atlantoaxial instability associated with agenesis of the odontoid process of the axis in an adult dog. Clinically, the patient presented apathy and tetraparesis. A simple radiographic examination of the cervical region was performed, which allowed the disclosure of agenesis of the odontoid process of the axis without articular changes. The atlantoaxial normality index (ANI) was 0.103 mm, indicating instability of the joint. A conservative approach was adopted by means of a cervical collar, movement restriction and anti-inflammatory therapy. We concluded that asymptomatic adult animals can be carriers of this condition, and that the calculation of the ANI was an effective tool to complement the subjective radiographic evaluation of this articulation on this report’s dog. The patient remains stable with the cervical collar.

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