Abstract.Since there is an increasing interest in avoiding human body injury in diverse situations like crowd control or peacekeeping missions, less lethal ammunition are more and more used. In this study we focus only on kinetic energy non-lethal (KENLW) projectiles. Their desired effects on human body are the temporary incapacitation through blunt trauma. There are different types of KENLW projectiles ranging from rigid to deformable projectiles. Unfortunately, the effects of such projectiles are not really well known as it is difficult to measure the force transmitted to the human body or the related deformation. Because the potential of injury excludes human living tests, tests are performed on cadavers, animals or human tissue surrogates. Besides these tests, numerical simulations are more and more used to gain more understanding, to assess or to predict the effects of this kind of projectile on human body. In this paper a comparison based on the viscous criterion between the 37 mm rigid projectile and the 40 mm sponge projectile was made.
Abstract. This article proposes a combined theoretical and experimental approach to assess and quantify the global uncertainty of a high-speed camera velocity measurement. The study is divided in five sections: firstly, different sources of measurement uncertainties performed by a high-speed camera are identified and quantified. They consist of geometrical uncertainties, pixel discretisation uncertainties or optical uncertainties. Secondly, a global uncertainty factor, taking into account the previously identified sources of uncertainties, is computed. Thirdly, a sensibility study of the camera set-up parameters is performed, allowing the experimenter to optimize these parameters in order to minimize the final uncertainties. Fourthly, the theoretical computed uncertainty is compared with experimental measurements. Good concordance has been found. Finally, the velocity measurement uncertainty study is extended to continuous displacement measurements as a function of time. The purpose of this article is to propose all the mathematical tools necessary to quantify the individual and global uncertainties, to highlight the important aspects of the experimental set-up, and to give recommendations on how to improve a specific set-up in order to minimize the global uncertainty. Taking all these into account, it has been shown that highly dynamic phenomena such as a ballistic phenomenon can be measured using a high-speed camera with a global uncertainty of less than 2%.
Anti-personnel NLW (Non-Lethal Weapons) are used to impart sufficient effect onto a person in order to deter uncivil, suspect or hazardous behaviour with a low probability of permanent or fatal injury. In many situations of conflict, where the army and law-enforcement units are involved, the use of such weapons can ensure a minimal risk of collateral damage. The most used NLW are Kinetic Energy Non-Lethal Weapons (KENLW) that involve the shooting of a deformable or breakable projectile. Since their first use, real cases indicate that the injuries inflicted by such projectiles may be irreversible and sometimes lead to death, especially for the head impacts. Therefore, there is a necessity to assess the head impacts in order to allow a safer use of such projectiles. This article concludes a 4-year study where three methods, independently developed, are considered to be applicable for the head risk assessment. The first method links force measurements on rigid wall structure with cadaveric and animal impact test results. Lesional thresholds, in terms of the maximum impact force and intracranial pressure, are proposed for unconsciousness, meningeal damages and bone damages, respectively. The second one is based on direct impact force measurements on a specific mechanical surrogate. The third method makes use of numerical simulations using a validated finite element head model. The numerical model allows the prediction of different kind of injuries. Firstly, the necessity of the assessment of the non-lethal head impacts is highlighted through some examples taken from literature. Secondly, the three different methods are detailed and illustrated for different projectiles. Outstanding results are given and a comparison between the different methods is proposed including some correlations between different criteria. Finally, some discussions and remarks conclude the present article.
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