Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance has been a progressively documented problem, resulting in treatment failure in humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and virulence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Aeromonas spp. in wild Mugil cephalus and its surrounding seawater along the coastal road of Port Said, Egypt. Materials and Methods: Specimens were examined bacteriologically, confirmed biochemically, and tested for their sensitivity against 11 antimicrobial agents. Molecular confirmation of the obtained isolates by 16S rRNA was performed, followed by the detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes. Results: Aeromonas spp. was recovered from fish (44%) and water samples (36%). A. hydrophila was the most prevalent identified strain, followed by Aeromonas sobria, Aeromonas caviae, and Aeromonas schubertii. Moreover, 90% of the tested isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), while 26.67% were XDR. Tested isolates were resistant to β-lactams and sulfonamides (100%), oxytetracycline (90%), and streptomycin (62.22%) but completely susceptible to cefotaxime. XDR isolates successfully amplified resistance genes (blaTEM, sul1, and tetA(A)) but not the (aadA1) gene, although there was phenotypic resistance to streptomycin on plates. All XDR isolates carry the cytotoxic enterotoxin gene (act), but alt gene was detected in only one isolate (12.5%). Conclusion: Data in this study provide a recent update and highlight the role of wild mullet and seawater as reservoirs for MDR and XDR Aeromonas spp. that may pose a risk to humans as food-borne infection or following direct contact.

A total number of 350 random samples of raw milk, pasteurized milk, dairy products, tap water and water of udder wash were collected from markets in port-Said Province and examined for prevalence of Aeromonas species using starch ampicillin medium, The incidence of Aeromonas species isolated from raw milk, pasteurized milk, kariesh cheese, dmietta cheese, refrigerated white cheese, tap water and water of udder wash were 58%, 26%, 70%, 48%, 40%, 16% and 68%, respectively. The total number of mesophilic Aeromonas isolates from 350 examined samples was 202 isolates of which 104 (51.5%) isolates were A. hydrophila, 60 (29.7%) isolates were A. caviae, 25 (12.4%) isolates were A. sobria and 11 (5.4%) isolates were A. schubertii. The highest number of isolates (42) were recovered from water of udder wash samples, while the lowest number of isolates were recovered from pasteurized milk and tap water samples. Result of antibiotic sensitivity test revealed high degree of sensitivity towards chloramphenicol, amikacin, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, resistant to ampicillin and colistin sulphate. Result of agarose gel electrophoresis revealed that A. hydrophila , A. caviae and A. schubertii have only one plasmid DNA with molecular weight 2.8 kbp While A. sobria was negative for plasmid. hydrophila micro-organism isolated from raw milk and milk product. SC.V.M.J, Fac. Vet Med, Suez Canal University. . (1986): Aeromonas intestinal infections in the United States. Annals Of Internal Medicine ,105(5): 683-689. Janda, M.; Bottons, E.J and Reitano, M. (1983): Aeromonas species in clinical microbiology. Significance, epidemiology and speciation. Diagnostic Microbiology Of Infection Diseases, 1: 221-223. Krieg, N.R and Holt, J.G. (1984): Bergy's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, the Williams and Wilkins, Baltmore, London. Manuel, P; Jose, M.R; Jesus, A.S and Maria-Lusia, G.L. (2009): Occurrence of motile Aeromonas in municipal drinking water and distribution of genes encoding virulence factors. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 135(2): 158-164. Maria Tereza , P. R; Marisa, D. B; Petra, S. S and Maria Ineˆ s, Z.S. (2008): Aeromonas detection and their toxins from drinking water from reservoirs and drinking fountains.

Nowadays, Edwardsiella is considered the most dangerous bacterial problem in cultured fish farms. In this study, 100 diseased Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and 100 diseased sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were collected randomly from kafer El-sheikh cultured fish farms and also from Damietta Government during the period from May 2016 till May 2017. All diseased fishes showed hemorrhages, all over the body surface accompanied by swelling of abdomen were observed clinically and post-mortem. Liver, kidney and spleen samples were subjected to bacteriological examinations, for isolation of E. tarda. The suspected isolates were characterized morphologically and biochemically including microbact 24. PCR technique was applied for detection of some virulence genes (etfA, etfD, gyerB genes) in E. tarda isolates. Total prevalence of well identified E. tarda isolates was 12% in Oreochromis niloticus while 7% in Dicentrarchus labrax. Most E. tarda isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, streptomycin chloramphenicol and gentamycin, conversely, most of isolates were resistant to tetracyclin, nalidixic acid, ampicillin, and sulphamethoxazole. PCR results recorded that all recovered E. tarda isolates contain gyerB at 415bp and etfD at 445 bp, while not all E. tarda posses etfA at 415bp.

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A total of 300 chicken samples (100 samples for breast muscles, 100 samples for thigh muscles and 100 samples for joints) were collected randomly from different markets in Port-said city during the period of work from July 2015 till August 2016. Overall percentage of coagulase positive S. aureus which isolated from chicken samples were 37.2% (49/132) while coagulase positive S. aureus of breast muscles, thigh muscles and joints were 15.1%, 14.5% and 7.6% respectively. PCR revealed that 15 tested isolates were S. aureus using 16SrRNA at 791 bp. The study conducted to detect virulence genes, coa 15 isolates were positive at 570 bp. (100%), clfA15 isolates were positive at 638 bp. (100%), See gene is the highest SE, 5 isolates were positive at 209 bp. (33.33%), followed by Seb gene 1isolate were positive at164 bp. (6.67%). None of 15 isolates were positive for Sea, Sec and Sed.