Nocturnal enuresis (NE) is intermittent involuntary voiding during sleep in a child aged 5 years or more. The study was conducted to compare the effect of using laser acupuncture and medication for the treatment of children with nocturnal enuresis (NE) and evaluation of urodynamic parameter after treatment. A randomized study included 45 children ranged from 5 to 15 years presenting with NE. They were randomized into three equal groups-group A, managed with desmopressin acetate; group B, managed with laser acupuncture; and group C, managed with a combination of laser acupuncture and desmopressin-all groups received behavioral therapy. The children were evaluated before and after 3 months of the study to record the efficacy of therapy, side effects and bladder capacity, and 3 months of follow-up after cessation of treatment by bladder diary. A statistically significant higher cure rate was reported in group B patients (73.3 %), while in groups A and C, improvement was reported in 20.0 and 13.3 %, respectively (p value = 0.002). Laser acupuncture is noninvasive, painless tool, with no side effects and lower recurrence rate which can be considered as an alternative therapy for patients with NE.

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Two simple, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods were developed for the determination of two veterinary drugs, ceftiofur and tulathromycin in pure form as well as in pharmaceutical formulations. The first one (Method A) based on the reducing action of ceftiofur on Fe (ΙΙΙ) to Fe (ΙΙ) in its complex with 1, 10-phenanthroline (ferrin complex) to give the orange-red colored ferroin complex that exhibits an absorption maximum at 511 nm. Ceftiofur exhibited good linearity in the concentration range of 0.3-3.0 μg mL −1 .The second method (Method B) depended on formation of a binary complex between tulathromycin and eosin Y in in the presence of carboxy methylcellulose as surfactant. Under the optimum conditions, the binary complex showed absorption maxima at 556 nm. The method obeyed Beer's law over concentration range of 1.0-15.0 μg mL −1 . The proposed methods were used for determination of the studied drugs in pharmaceutical formulation; maxfur ® powder and draxxin ® injections with mean recoveries of 99.57and 99.71%, respectively. The validity of the methods was further proved by applying the standard addition technique. A proposal of the reactions pathways were described.

A novel, sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of ceftiofur by pre-column derivatization with 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate. Analysis was performed within 5 min on a Kinetex C18 column based on core-shell technology. The mobile phase composed of acetonitrile-water (50:50, v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min under UV detection at 254 nm. The factors affecting the derivatization reaction and separation conditions were carefully evaluated and optimized. The method was linear over the concentration range of 45–450 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 3.29 ng/mL and limit of quantitation of 10.97 ng/mL. The new method was successfully applied for the analysis of ceftiofur in the veterinary formulation and honey with average recoveries of 100.78% and 98. 83%, respectively. The present method is suitable and favorable for the analysis of ceftiofur on account of its sensitivity, rapidity and cost-effectiveness. In addition, it could have significant application for the determination of ceftiofur in other food products.