The main objective of this paper is to examine the effect growth has on CO 2 emissions in Kazakhstan, controlling for energy consumption, in the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration framework. We find that the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis seems to hold for Kazakhstan; this effect at a low level of income increases CO 2 but at a high level decreases it. We also find that energy consumption increases CO 2 emissions.
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