Dynamic interactions between the gastrointestinal epithelium and the mucosal immune system normally contribute to ensuring intestinal homeostasis and optimal immunosurveillance, but destabilisation of these interactions in genetically predisposed individuals can lead to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. Ulcerative colitis is one of the main types of inflammatory diseases that affect the bowel, but its pathogenesis has yet to be completely defined. Several genetic factors and other inflammation-related genes are implicated in mediating the inflammation and development of the disease. Some susceptibility loci associated with increased risk of ulcerative colitis are found to be implicated in mucosal barrier function. Different biomarkers that cause damage to the colonic mucosa can be detected in patients, including perinuclear ANCA, which is also useful in distinguishing ulcerative colitis from other colitides. The choice of treatment for ulcerative colitis depends on disease severity. Therapeutic strategies include anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) monoclonal antibodies used to block the production of TNF-α that mediates intestinal tract inflammation, an anti-adhesion drug that prevents lymphocyte infiltration from the blood into the inflamed gut, inhibitors of JAK1 and JAK3 that suppress the innate immune cell signalling and interferons α/β which stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as faecal microbiota transplantation. Although further research is still required to fully dissect the pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis, understanding its cellular pathology and molecular mechanisms has already proven beneficial and it has got the potential to identify further novel, effective targets for therapy and reduce the burden of this chronic disease.

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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of α-amylase and α-amyloglucosidase enzymes, thereby preventing an increase in the postprandial glucose concentration in diabetics. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic potential of hydroalcoholic extracts of 3 mushrooms, that is, Ganoderma philippii, Lenzites elegans, and Rigidoporus ulmarius, using an in vitro enzymatic starch digestion assay model. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of hydroalcoholic mushroom extracts was tested at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL. Acarbose was used as a control. The amount of glucose liberated (micrograms) was determined using the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates in all examined species. In the case of G. philippii and L. elegans, a concentration-dependent increase in the percentage inhibition of enzyme activity was observed, with maximum inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (40.22% ± 0.83% and 26.57% ± 0.68%, respectively). R. ulmarius showed maximum inhibitory activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL (65.54% ± 0.91%), and this was comparable to acarbose.

Background; In December 2019, an outbreak of a coronavirus, known as covid-19 occured in China and has spread rapidly across the globe within a few months. Covid 19 has infected 94 million people and has caused 2 million deaths in 191 countries and territories (John hopkins university,2021) affecting over 1.5 billion students. Aim of the study: The aim was to asses the problems regarding online study during covid-19 pandemic among school students. Methodology: An exploratory research design was used to assess the problems regarding online study during covid-19 pandemic among school students of selected schools of Shri Muktsar sahib. A total number of 105 school students were taken from selected schools by using convenience sampling technique. Self administered questionnaire and rating scale were used to assess the problems regarding online study during covid-19 pandemic. Results: Shows that all i.e. 105 (100%) students were attended online classes. There were 103 (96.3) students who used mobile and 02(1.9%) used laptop for online classes. There were 11(10.3%) students used google meet, 29(27.1%) used zoom and 65(60.7%) students used both (google meet and zoom) app to attend online classes.Regarding time 59(55.1%) students attended online classes for 1-3 hrs ,44(44.1%) for 4-5 hrs and 02(1.9%) for 6-7 hrsper day. There were 05(4.7%) student who attended recorded videos and 100 (93.5) students attended live classes.In problems it was found that 27(25.2%) students faced social media distractions followed by network problems among 24(22.4%) students. The relationship of age, class andmother's education were found to be statistically significant at 0.05 level significance.