Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania chagasi, whose main vector in South America is Lutzomyia longipalpis. The disease was diagnosed in the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo (ES) for the first time in 1968. Currently, this disease has been considered endemic in 10 municipalities. Furthermore, the presence of L. longipalpis has been detected in eight other municipalities where the transmission has not been reported thus far. In this study, we performed species distribution modeling (SDM) to identify new and most likely receptive areas for VL transmission in ES. The sandflies were both actively and passively collected in various rural area of ES between 1986 and 2017. The collection points were georeferenced using a global positioning system device. Climatic data were retrieved from the WorldClim database, whereas geographic data were obtained from the National Institute for Space Research and the Integrated System of Geospatial Bases of the State of Espírito Santo. The maximum entropy algorithm was used through the MIAmaxent R package to train and test the distribution models for L. longipalpis. The major contributor to model generation was rocky outcrops, followed by temperature seasonality. The SDM predicted the expansion of the L. longipalpis-prone area in the Doce River Valley and limited the probability of expanding outside its watershed. Once the areas predicted suitable for L. longipalpis occurrence are determined, we can avoid the inefficient use of public resources in conducting canine serological surveys where the vector insect does not occur.
A indústria da construção civil tem destacado papel na sociedade brasileira devido a sua importância socioeconômica. Estudos conduzidos no Brasil e no exterior apontam que a areia marinha se apresenta como uma alternativa viável na construção civil. Nesta direção, esta pesquisa analisa uma amostra de agregado miúdo do litoral da Serra/ES, Brasil. Foram realizados ensaios de composição granulométrica, massa específica, teor de argilas em torrões, teor de materiais friáveis, teor de materiais pulverulentos, dimensão máxima característica, avaliação de impurezas orgânicas solúveis, teor de cloretos solúveis, teor de sais solúveis, teor de sulfatos solúveis, teor de materiais carbonosos e pH e resistência a compressão uniaxial. Os ensaios colorimétricos de avaliação de penetração de cloretos no concreto, imerso em água do mar durante 7 dias, não destacaram a presença de cloretos livres em nenhuma das amostras. Ensaios de carbonatação não revelaram processos de carbonatação nos três corpos de prova analisados. Os ensaios de resistência à compressão mostraram que o concreto moldado com areia marinha possui resultados próximos ao moldado com areia de rio.
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