Peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) is routinely expressed in litres per minute and by unit of body mass (mL·kg(-1)·min(-1)) despite the theoretical and statistical limitations of using ratios. Allometric modeling is an effective approach for partitioning body-size effects in a performance variable. The current study examined the relationships among chronological age (CA), skeletal age (SA), total body and appendicular size descriptors, and V̇O2peak in male adolescent roller hockey players. Seventy-three Portuguese, highly trained male athletes (CA, 15.4 ± 0.6 years; SA, 16.4 ± 1.5 years; stature, 169.9 ± 6.9 cm; body mass, 63.7 ± 10.7 kg; thigh volume, 4.8 ± 1.0 L) performed an incremental maximal test on a motorized treadmill. Exponents for body size descriptors were 2.15 for stature (R(2) = 0.30, p < 0.01) and 0.55 for thigh volume (R(2) = 0.46, p < 0.01). The combination of stature or thigh volume and CA or SA, and CA(2) or SA(2), increased the explained variance in V̇O2peak (R(2) ranged from 0.30 to 0.55). The findings of the allometric model combining more than 1 body size descriptor (i.e., stature and thigh volume) in addition to SA and CA(2) were not significant. Results suggest that thigh volume and SA are the main contributors to interindividual variability in aerobic fitness.
29Aristides Machado-Rodrigues [rodriguesari@hotmail.com] The study was aimed to investigate the reproducibility of performance parameters obtained 4 from 10-s sprints against different braking forces in young adult athletes. The sample (n=48) 5 included male athletes aged 18.9-29.9 years (175.5±6.9 cm, 76.2±10.1 kg). The 10-s 6 maximal exercise was performed in a cycle-ergometer against a random braking force (4% to 7 11% of body mass). Intra-individual variation was examined from repeated tests within one 8 week. Descriptive statistics were computed and differences between sessions tested using
The use of saliva to monitor immune and hormonal responses in training, competitions, and during recovery is an easy and non-invasive alternative means of collecting samples compared to serum collection. Saliva can provide insight into a number of interesting biomarkers such as cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulins, alpha-amylase, and melatonin, among others. High-intensity and exhaustive exercises, such as training or competition, provide variations in immune, protein and hormonal markers. An adequate recovery period, calming down, and recovery methods can contribute to a fast normalization of these markers, decreasing illness, as well as the likelihood of overtraining and injuries, but their effectiveness is still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to investigate the evidence of salivary markers in post-exhaustive exercise during the recovery period. This study is a systematic review from three electronic databases with studies from 2011 to 2021 within healthy humans. The search found 213 studies, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, while excluding duplicated studies, 14 studies were included in this review. The most cited salivary markers were cortisol and testosterone, as well as their ratio, alpha-amylase and IgA. Half of the studies applied a variety of recovery methods that showed controversial results over salivary markers’ impact. However, they showed an impact on the markers from the exercise, which was still dependent on exercise intensity, methodology, and duration.
Canoe paddling requires an asymmetric muscular work that predisposes athletes to musculoskeletal imbalances. Ten elite athletes were analyzed in three phases: 1) assessment of the postural and anthropometric corporal profile through the biophotogrammetry technique; 2) simulation of parameterized ergometer tests to determine the effectiveness of a suggested innovative active recovery method in body rebalancing and 3) thermographic analysis of the musculoskeletal profile. Canoe practice demonstrated leading to important corporal changes and, since there is no decrease in performance with the suggested recovery method, it was concluded that would be useful to implement the paradoxical paddling as a practice of the canoeists daily training, making a healthy symbiosis between recovery and postural compensation at sportive and medical level
Background: Cooling vests are popular and widely used in many sports. There are several studies about their efficacy but there is not much evidence about their impact on the recovery of kayak sprint male athletes. Methods: Ten elite male sprint kayakers completed an exercise protocol on a kayak ergometer on two separate days. They were randomized to wear a cold vest during a 15 min active rest on one of these days. Following the pre designed protocol, all sessions were performed in a climate chamber with controlled temperature and humidity conditions. At both moments, the blood lactate concentration was determined, as well as urine temperature. Skin temperature in the latissimus dorsi muscle area was assessed several times along the protocol, using infrared thermography. Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE Scale) was applied to the protocol after each exercise bout and the perceived recovery scale was applied before the last moment of the protocol (500 m test). Results: The subjective perception of recovery was significantly higher during the cooling vest condition (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences on performance in the 500 m maximal test when comparing both days. On the other hand, after the active recovery with cold vest, the skin temperature (p < 0.01), urine temperature (p < 0.05) and blood lactate concentration were all significantly lower (p < 0.05). Discussion: Results revealed that the cooling vest is a suitable instrument to induce a decrease in skin and core temperature while paddling and also to reduce more quickly the blood lactate concentration. The vest should be tested under on-water conditions in order to consider other factors such as wind and solar radiation. Conclusions: Wearing a cooling vest during active rest after a training session or a competition seems to improve the recovery of male kayakers.
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