Fine flavor properties of chocolates such as fruity, floral, and cocoa-like were decoded on a molecular level for the first time. The molecular compositions of six chocolates made out of liquors that were referenced with specific sensory attributes were analyzed. After the screening for odor-active molecules by aroma extract dilution analysis, selected compounds were quantitated with the overall aim to decode the distinct fine flavor attributes on a molecular level. Acidic and fruity flavor notes were associated with high dose over threshold factors (DoT factors) of acetic acid and fruity smelling esters such as ethyl 2-methylbutanaote, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, and 3-methylbutyl acetate, respectively. Cocoa-like and roasty flavor notes were associated with high DoT factors for 2-methylbutanal, 3-methylbutanal, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one, and dimethyltrisulfane. The floral and astringent flavors were linked to high DoT factors of (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin C1, and 2-phenylethan-1-ol.

The chemical composition of the inflorescences of eight different fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. cultivars grown in Switzerland was monitored for different sowing densities over the season 2019. HPLC-MS, GC-MS and GC-FID, as well as spectrophotometric techniques were used to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) and the antioxidative activity of the inflorescence extracts, and to characterise and quantify the flavonoids and terpenes produced by the different cultivars over different sowing densities from July to September 2019. The main finding of the present study is that the TPC, as well as the individual flavonoids and terpenes, were mainly influenced by the harvest period and the phenological stage of the plant. The content of polyphenols and flavonoids decrease during the flower development for all cultivars studied. The terpene content increased with maturation. The monoterpenes/sesquiterpenes ratio also changed between the early flowering (majority of sesquiterpenes) and the end of flowering (majority of monoterpenes). The sowing density showed an impact on plant morphology, a low density such as 30 seeds/m2 influencing the production of bigger flowers, thus increasing the yield of polyphenols and terpenes production. Therefore, hemp inflorescences can be regarded as valuable by-products of fibre production, for their valorisation in the food and beverage industry in addition to cosmetics and perfumery.

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Glycation is a common non-enzymatic reaction between proteins and sugars, which gives rise in the human body to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). These modifications impacts both extra and intracellular proteins, leading to cells and tissues dysfunctions. In the skin, accumulation of AGEs leads to aesthetic consequences, wrinkles, dark spots and yellowish skin tone, as it can be seen in diabetic patients. Consequently, there is a growing dermatological interest to find compounds able to eliminate AGEs accumulated in skin. In this context, a method has been developed to detect and quantify intracellular glycation in human dermal fibroblasts. After cultivation of fibroblasts, cell lysates were injected in an HPLC system coupled with a fluorescence detector in bypass mode. The system allows the simultaneous measurement of global AGEs and particular pentosidine amounts using two sets of wavelengths in a single run of one minute. The immunocytochemistry approach was used to valid the HPLC analysis data. The method developed was able to quantify changes in global AGEs and pentosidine content in cells in response to glyoxal treatment. Fibroblasts treated with 500 µM of glyoxal for 48 hours showed a significant 2.3-fold and 2.6-fold increase in the content of AGEs and pentosidine respectively compared to control cells. As an application, a screening of natural extracts have been done and the method allowed identifying extracts able to significantly reduce the amount of pentosidine in fibroblasts (-32 %). These extracts act as deglycation agents of interest in the field of dermatology and cosmetology.

OBJECTIVE: Glycation is a common non-enzymatic reaction between proteins and sugars, resulting in the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in the human body. As can be seen in diabetic patients, the accumulation of AGEs in the skin has aesthetic consequences (wrinkles, brown spots and yellowish complexion). Therefore, the objective of this work was to find compounds isolated from natural sources that could eliminate the final AGEs accumulated in the skin with ageing. METHODS AND RESULTS: A preliminary screening performed on a bank of microbial extracts and pure compounds showed that 2,5-Diketopiperazines (DKPs), as well as the extract of Sphingobacterium sp (SNB-CN13), reduced the presence of AGEs in fibroblasts by À28% and À23%, respectively. In this article, we present the dereplication approach used to reveal the presence of 26 different DKPs in the crude extract of Sphingobacterium sp. Bioguided fractionation has led to the isolation of 12 of them, whose identity has been confirmed by HRMS and NMR. A green synthesis approach has been developed to synthesize 3 symmetrical DKPs. The biological activity of all DKPs was evaluated by the development of an in vitro test using immunocytochemistry to reveal the presence of AGE carboxymethyl-lysine in human dermal fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Our work shows for the first time that DKPs decrease the amount of carboxymethyl-lysine AGE in elderly human dermal fibroblasts grown in vitro. Therefore, diketopiperazines can be considered as compounds of interest for dermatological and cosmetic applications with an anti-ageing aim. R esum e OBJECTIF: La glycation est une r eaction non enzymatique courante entre les prot eines et les sucres, qui entraîne la formation de produits finaux de glycation avanc ee (AGE) dans le corps humain. Comme on peut le voir chez les patients diab etiques, l'accumulation d'AGE dans la peau a des cons equences esth etiques (rides, taches brunes, teint jaunâtre). Par cons equent, l'objectif de ce travail etait de trouver des compos es isol es de sources naturelles qui pourraient eliminer les AGE finaux accumul es dans la peau avec le vieillissement. M ETHODES & R ESULTATS: Un examen pr eliminaire effectu e sur une banque d'extraits microbiens et de compos es purs a montr e que les 2,5-dic etopip erazines (DKP), ainsi que l'extrait de Sphingobacterium sp. (SNB-CN13), r eduisaient la pr esence d'AGE dans les fibroblastes de-28% et-23% respectivement. Dans cet article, nous pr esentons l'approche de d er eplication utilis ee pour r ev eler la pr esence de 26 DKP diff erentes dans l'extrait brut de Sphingobacterium sp. Le fractionnement bioguid e a conduit a l'isolement de 12 d'entre elles, dont l'identit e a et e confirm ee par HRMS et RMN. Une approche de synth ese verte a et e d evelopp ee pour synth etiser 3 DKP sym etriques. L'activit e biologique de toutes les DKP a et e evalu ee par le d eveloppement d'un test in vitro utilisant l'immunocytochimie pour r ev eler la pr esence de carboxym ethyl-lysine AGE dans les fibroblastes dermiques...

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