Introduction: Baby sign language is gaining in popularity. However, research has indicated a lack of empirical research supporting its use. In addition, research suggests that baby sign training may increase stress levels in parents. Methods: Nine families with children ranging in age from six months to two years; five months participated in a baby sign workshop. Survey data were analysed to determine parental stress levels as a result of the workshop or using signs with their children. Additionally, information from parents regarding parent-child interactions was recorded. Results: The data suggests that the use of baby signs enhanced parent-child communication, strengthened the parent-child bond, and reduced frustration. Furthermore, the data indicated that the use of baby signs with infants did not cause increased stress on parents. Key aspects of baby sign training that seem to reduce and inhibit stress in parents are discussed. Background and significanceBaby signing has become a new trend among parents, but has gained little attention among researchers. Although there is much information available through poplar media such as television and the internet, there is little empirical evidence supporting its use. The current study seeks to add to the evidence base on baby signs, thereby extending the limited amount of scientific data related to the subject.
Over the past 25 years, neuropsychological assessment has been the prominent clinical method for evaluating neurocognitive functioning and monitoring recovery following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion. During this time, neuropsychological assessment of concussion has developed extensively starting from traditional paper-and-pencil tests to the more current computerized assessment batteries that are specifically designed for evaluating mTBI. Concussion assessment is complex and challenging due to the highly variable neurocognitive behavior and the wide range of diverse symptoms that follow an injury. Therefore, neuropsychological testing is only one component of a multifaceted, comprehensive assessment approach that also includes balance testing and symptom assessment. Because concussions may go undetected, more emphasis has been placed on objective and sensitive neuropsychological measures. Factors that could affect the validity of test performance include athletes not recognizing or intentionally hiding their symptoms or sandbagging their baseline performance. Due to the complex nature of identifying and evaluating mild head injuries, the purpose of this review is to discuss (1) the clinical use of neuropsychological testing in concussion management, (2) the methods used for evaluating and monitoring recovery following concussion, (3) the characteristics of current assessment instruments, and (4) additional clinical factors and approaches for concussion assessment and management.
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