The accuracy of quantitative absorption spectroscopy depends on correctly distinguishing molecular absorption signatures in a measured transmission spectrum from the varying intensity or 'baseline' of the light source. Baseline correction becomes particularly difficult when the measurement involves complex, broadly absorbing molecules or non-ideal transmission effects such as etalons. We demonstrate a technique that eliminates the need to account for the laser intensity in absorption spectroscopy by converting the measured transmission spectrum of a gas sample to a modified form of the time-domain molecular free induction decay (m-FID) using a cepstral analysis technique developed for audio signal processing. Much of the m-FID signal is temporally separated from and independent of the source intensity, and this portion can be fit directly with a model to determine sample gas properties without correcting for the light source intensity. We validate the new approach in several complex absorption spectroscopy scenarios and discuss its limitations. The technique is applicable to spectra obtained with any absorption spectrometer and provides a fast and accurate approach for analyzing complex spectra.
AbstractThis document provides supplementary material for "Baseline-free Quantitative Absorption Spectroscopy Based on Cepstral Analysis." Here, we include further details of the spectral model used to fit the broadband spectrum of ethane and methane. We also compare the two sources of absorption cross section data used to generate and fit a simulated spectrum of four broadly absorbing compounds in the mid-infrared. We give a full table of fit results for the simulated MIR spectrum to accompany an abbreviated version in the full text.
We demonstrate fiber mode-locked dual frequency comb spectroscopy for broadband, high resolution measurements in a rapid compression machine (RCM). We apply an apodization technique to improve the short-term signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), which enables broadband spectroscopy at combustionrelevant timescales. We measure the absorption on 24345 individual wavelength elements (comb teeth) between 5967 and 6133 cm -1 at 704-µs time resolution during a 12-ms compression of a CH4-N2 mixture. We discuss the effect of the apodization technique on the absorption spectra, and apply an identical effect to the spectral model during fitting to recover the mixture temperature. The fitted temperature is compared against an adiabatic model, and found to be in good agreement with expected trends. This work demonstrates the potential of DCS to be used as an in situ diagnostic tool for broadband, high resolution, measurements in engine-like environments.
Wildland fires are complex multi-physics problems that span wide spatial scale ranges. Capturing this complexity in computationally affordable numerical simulations for process studies and "outer-loop" techniques (e.g., optimization and uncertainty quantification) is a fundamental challenge in reacting flow research. Further complications arise for propagating fires where a priori knowledge of the fire spread rate and direction is typically not available. In such cases, static mesh refinement at all possible fire locations is a computationally inefficient approach to bridging the wide range of spatial scales relevant to wildland fire behavior. In the present study, we address this challenge by incorporating adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) in fireFoam, an OpenFOAM solver for simulations of complex fire phenomena. The AMR functionality in the extended solver, called wildFireFoam, allows us to dynamically track regions of interest and to avoid inefficient over-resolution of areas far from a propagating flame. We demonstrate the AMR capability for fire spread on vertical panels and for large-scale fire propagation on a variable-slope surface that is representative of real topography. We show that the AMR solver reproduces results obtained using much larger statically refined meshes, at a substantially reduced computational cost.
This paper presents a data-processing technique that improves the
accuracy and precision of absorption-spectroscopy measurements by
isolating the molecular absorbance signal from errors in the baseline
light intensity (
I
o
) using cepstral analysis. Recently,
cepstral analysis has been used with traditional absorption
spectrometers to create a modified form of the time-domain molecular
free-induction decay (m-FID) signal, which can be analyzed
independently from
I
o
. However, independent analysis of the
molecular signature is not possible when the baseline intensity and
molecular response do not separate well in the time domain, which is
typical when using injection-current-tuned lasers [e.g., tunable diode
and quantum cascade lasers (QCLs)] and other light sources with
pronounced intensity tuning. In contrast, the method presented here is
applicable to virtually all light sources since it determines gas
properties by least-squares fitting a simulated m-FID signal
(comprising an estimated
I
o
and simulated absorbance spectrum) to
the measured m-FID signal in the time domain. This method is
insensitive to errors in the estimated
I
o
, which vary slowly with optical
frequency and, therefore, decay rapidly in the time domain. The
benefits provided by this method are demonstrated via
scanned-wavelength direct-absorption-spectroscopy measurements
acquired with a distributed-feedback (DFB) QCL. The wavelength of a
DFB QCL was scanned across the CO P(0,20) and P(1,14) absorption
transitions at 1 kHz to measure the gas temperature and concentration
of CO. Measurements were acquired in a gas cell and in a laminar
ethylene–air diffusion flame at 1 atm. The measured spectra were
processed using the new m-FID-based method and two traditional
methods, which rely on inferring (instead of rejecting) the baseline
error within the spectral-fitting routine. The m-FID-based method
demonstrated superior accuracy in all cases and a measurement
precision that was
≈
1.5
to 10 times smaller than that
provided using traditional methods.
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