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The current literature review highlights the need for a two-dimensional rating system for Mexican American acculturation. It demonstrates increased attention to acculturation issues over time despite ongoing lack of the twodimensional acculturation analysis. Although creators of the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II (ARSMA-II) originally stated that the measure's Mexican Orientation and Anglo Orientation subscales were orthogonal, they combined the two into a unidimensional acculturation score. A review of usage of the ARSMA-II from 1995 to 2013 revealed that 56% of studies collapsed the two subscales into a single acculturation score. Additional analysis revealed an increase in studies using the ARSMA-II across time, while showing that there was neither a difference in the usage of unidimensional and bidimensional scoring methods nor a shift in choosing scoring methods across time. We recommend that future studies use both the Mexican Orientation and the Anglo Orientation subscales to increase the accuracy of their acculturation research.

Expedition physicians should be prepared to respond to traumatic stress disorders following wilderness disasters. Stress disorder symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoiding stimuli associated with the traumatic event, and increased physical arousal. These symptoms can also be seen in healthy individuals, and should only lead to disorder diagnosis when they cause distress or impairment. Treatment options for stress disorders include observation, psychological interventions, and medication. Approximately half of those with diagnosable stress disorders will return to nondiagnosable status over time without therapeutic intervention. Psychological interventions with empirical support concentrate on providing either noninvasive support in the short term, such as psychological first aid (PFA), or more long-term controlled re-experiencing of the precipitating trauma, such as many exposure-based therapies. Exposure-based treatments can result in temporary increases in symptoms before long-term gains are realized, so they are not recommended for wilderness settings. Medications to treat stress disorders include benzodiazepines, propranolol, and antidepressant medications. Benzodiazepines are often carried in wilderness first aid kits, but they provide very limited stress disorder symptom relief. Propranolol is being explored as a method of preventing traumatic stress disorders, but the data are not currently conclusive. Antidepressant medications are a good long-term strategy for stress disorder treatment, but they are of limited utility in wilderness settings as they are unlikely to be included in expedition medical kits and require approximately 4 weeks of administration for symptom reduction. Recommendations for wilderness treatment of stress disorders focus on increasing knowledge of stress disorder diagnosis and PFA.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the emotional reactions of depressed and nondepressed individuals to experiences of romantic rejection versus acceptance. We tested our hypotheses in a sample of 28 depressed and 43 nondepressed undergraduate students. In support of self-consistency theories, the results showed that depressed individuals reported significantly greater negative mood in the romantic acceptance versus rejection condition, while there was no significant difference across the two conditions in the self-reported mood of nondepressed individuals. A growing literature both documents the pervasive interpersonal difficulties of depressed individuals and supports the likelihood that depressed individuals engage in behaviors and make choices that actively contribute to their affective disturbance. Hammen (1991) demonstrated that depressed individuals are more likely than nondepressed individuals to behave in ways that create interpersonal stress in their lives. More specifically, the marital difficulties of depressed individuals and the negative impact that depressed individuals can have on their children are robust, well-replicated findings (Joiner, 2000). Further, Swann, Wenzlaff, Krull, and Pelham (1992) found that depressed individuals were more likely than nondepressed individuals to prefer friends and dating partners who appraised them negatively. Finally, when depressed individuals received self-view disconfirming positive information about themselves, they subsequently solicited self-confirming negative feedback (Swann et al., 1992). Overall, these data suggest that deficits in the interpersonal domain can serve as both vulnerability factors for and can be a result of depression, thus setting the stage for depression chronicity and recurrence (Joiner, 2000).However, despite the demonstration of these interpersonal difficulties, little is known about why depressed individuals behave in ways that seem manifestly counterproductive and self-destructive. One of the key characteristics of depressive illness is a negative, pessimistic thinking style that influences how depressed individuals see themselves, their environment, and their future (Beck, 1967). In the current paper, we argue that the responses of depressed individuals to their social environment do not arise out of a perverse need to sabotage their own happiness; rather, depressed individuals' behavioral and affective repertoire are understandable as an effort to maintain certainty and order in the face of unexpected events that challenge their firmly established negative self-views. We propose that depressed individuals' interpersonal functioning can be best understood in light of self-consistency theories, through the basic premise that people seek

When exposed to actual or threatened death or serious injury in austere settings, expedition members are at risk of acute stress reactions, as are search and rescue members involved with extricating the patient. Acute stress reactions are a normal response to significant trauma and commonly resolve on their own. If they do not, they can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a set of persistent symptoms that cause significant effects on the person's life. Medication has a limited preventive role in the field for treatment of stress partly because so few are trained to administer it. Contrastingly, psychological first aid can be performed by lay team members with minimal training. Psychological first aid consists of interventions attempting to encourage feelings of safety, calm, self-efficacy, connection, and hope. These are interventions that provide guidance to not make the situation emotionally worse and might have a preventive effect on later development of PTSD. They are valuable in the field not only for the patient but also for affected team members as well as for search and rescue team members who may be indirectly affected by the trauma and experience repercussions later.