Indonesian regional indigenous languages are in decline and their conservation faces considerable challenges. One possible challenge is speech level. This paper aims to describe the existence of speech level in some regional indigenous languages and its possible implication for their conservation. The method comprises policy study, particularly documentary study. The sample included three languages, i.e., Sundanese, Balinese, and Javanese. The result shows the existence of speech level in the three languages. For example, the Javanese language at present has 4 levels, namely, high krama, krama, high ngoko, and ngoko. On one hand, the existence of the speech levels enriches structure and vocabulary. On the other hand, these levels make it difficult for new learners and speakers, particularly the younger generation, to master the languages. This may constitute a constraint for their conservation. Therefore, language experts and speakers of these languages need to consider corpus planning effort to simplify the speech levels in order to ease the difficulty of mastering the languages and support their conservation effort. For Javanese language, ngoko alus is recommended as the standard usage.
This study aimed to investigate the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in the teaching and learning process during the COVID-19 pandemic, the most online learning media used, and advantages and disadvantages of using ICT. This was quantitative qualitative research. The participants of this study were 110 English lecturers at universities in Indonesia. The techniques for collecting the data in this study were questionnaire, interview, and document analysis. In analyzing the data, the researchers used SPSS and Flow Model. There were three stages in the Flow Model, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. Based on the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that the English lecturers used several online learning media during English teaching and learning process. There were some advantages and disadvantages of using ICT during the teaching and learning process. It is recommended for English lecturers to use various online learning media so that the students will be enjoyable and get engaged in the learning process. English lecturers should also consider advantages and disadvantages during the use of ICT. For other researchers who want to conduct similar research, the result of this study can be an additional reference.
<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The teaching and learning process currently has an influence on students, especially the methods and the sources of the materials the teacher uses. The teacher can use various sources; for example, short stories, the use of which should be based on </span><span>student needs. O. Henry’s short stories </span><span>were analysed in this research as they are interesting and having moral values that can be useful for students. O. Henry was chosen because his short stories are suitable for the teaching and learning process. Classes of speech acts can be found in them: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declaratives. In the teaching and learning process, teachers need to integrate skills with each other. It is also explained in further detail </span><span>how O. Henry’s short stories can be </span><span>used to integrate reading and writing skills. Students need to integrate skills in order to be able to master them. In the paper, speech act analysis is made </span><span>of O. Henry’s short stories and implementation of the </span><span>integrated teaching and learning process is discussed. </span></p></div></div></div>
<p>Tujuan dari penelitian ini antara lain adalah untuk memanfaatkan tanah urug<em> limestone</em> sebagai pengganti agregat beton, untuk menghitung kuat tekan beton yang dihasilkan dari pembuatan beton dengan agregat tanah urug<em> limestone</em> dan mengetahui lebih optimal mana pemakaian beton dengan agregat tanah urug<em> limestone </em>dengan beton konfensional</p><p> Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yang berasal dari literature-literatur baik buku maupun jurnal dan penelitian-penilitian terdahulu. Selain data sekunder juga menggunakan data primer yaitu dengan melakukan pengujian bahan dan pembuatan benda uji di laboratorium teknik sipil dan kemudian menganalisis hasil pengujian. Alat analisis yang digunakan adalah peralatan-perltan untuk pengujian bahan di laboratorium mekanika tanah dan laboratorium beton, untuk menghitung dengan menggunakan rumus-rumus baku untuk setiap jenis pengujian bahan yaitu dengan menguji kadar air, kadar lumpur, kadar organik, uji berat jenis dan uji saringan. Pengujian benda uji dilakukan dengan 3 waktu yaitu pada beton dengan usia 7 hari, 14 hari dan 28 hari.</p><p> Dari hasil Analisa penggunaan tanah urug limestone sebagai pengganti agregat beton cukup optimal dengan hasil uji kuat tekan umur 28 hari sebesar 14,181 kg/m3 dan kuat tekan yang berumur 24 hari sebesar 12,009 kg/m3. Di lihat dari hasil uji tersebut beton Limestone masih belum layak untuk di gunakan untuk struktur namun beton ini setara Beton K175. Beton Mutu K175 merupakan salah satu jenis beton standar pembangunan di Indonesia, dimana beton jenis ini cocok untuk digunakan sebagai pondasi bangunan. Mutu k175 sendiri dinilai mampu menahan beban sebanyak 14,5 Mpa, tentunya kapasitas tersebut beton ini mampu menahan bangunan bertingkat sekalipun. Sedangkan perbandingan hasil uji kuat tekan beton normal dengan beton Limestone lebih optimal beton normal dengan hasil uji diperoleh 33,5 kg/m3 untuk beton norma dan 14,181 kg/m3 untuk beton Limestone.</p>
This research aimed to describe the students’ difficulties in writing Hortatory Exposition Text and describe the students’ scores in writing Hortatory Exposition Text. The research was descriptive qualitative research. It was conducted at the first semester of Public Administration Study Program of the faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas B. The population of this research was 40 students of the first semester of Public Administration Study Program of the Faculty of Social and Political Science Universitas B. Simple random sampling was applied to select the sample. The researcher took 3 participants consisting of one low, one medium, and one high student based on English language proficiency level. In collecting the data, the researcher used test, observation, and interview. In analyzing the data, the researcher used a flow model. The result of the research showed that the low-level student (PE) got the lowest score, and the high-level student (JN) got the highest score. In addition, the aspects of writing the students had the most difficulties in were organization, unity, coherence, sentences, and paragraphs.
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