The loss of Cav-1 and, thus, of most smooth muscle cell caveolae results in significant bladder dysfunction and urogenital organ changes in aged male mice.

No abstract

Office cystodiathermy of small, low grade papillary recurrence is safe and efficacious in properly selected patients. This change in practice can potentially improve patient quality of life and have a major economic impact on health care.

The surgical management of classic bladder exstrophy has evolved over time. Different techniques are used to address the challenge of reconstructing these patients. We review the long-term outcomes of bladder exstrophy treatment from the published literature with regard to urinary continence, voiding and secondary complications. Continence now can be achieved in up to 80% of children in specialist centres. Whether such success can sustained into adult life is uncertain. About 40% of adults are dry in the best hands. Up to 84% of children can void, but there is some evidence that this function is lost with time in 70%. The need for bladder augmentation is widely variable between series, reported in 0-70% of children. This reduces the ability to void spontaneously to about 50% of children. It brings with it the later risk of metabolic disturbance and stone formation. Adults with exstrophy have a 694-fold increase in the risk of bladder cancer by the age of 40 years.